2 Pain & Temp Flashcards by Alexis Weir

What is the normal body temperature range in Celsius?

36.2°C to 37.7°C

This range corresponds to 96.2°F to 99.4°F.

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The core temperature is approximately how much higher than the surface temperature?

0.5°C

Core temperature is typically higher than surface temperature.

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What factors cause variability in body temperature?

Activity
Environment
Circadian rhythm

Daily oral fluctuations can be between 0.2°C to 0.5°C.

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True or false: Women experience wider fluctuations in body temperature related to the menstrual cycle.

TRUE

This includes a rise in temperature just before ovulation.

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What is the daily peak body temperature time?

Around 6 p.m.

The lowest temperature typically occurs during sleep.

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What is the maximum body temperature that rarely exceeds under normal physiology?

41°C (105.8°F)

This is critical to avoid heat-related illnesses.

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Which part of the brain mediates thermoregulation?

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus integrates input from peripheral and central thermoreceptors.

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What are the heat production mechanisms initiated by the hypothalamus?

TRH release
TSH stimulation
Thyroxine release
Epinephrine increase

These mechanisms increase metabolic rate and body heat.

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What are the heat loss mechanisms?

Radiation
Vasodilation
Evaporation by sweating
Decreased muscle tone
Increased respiration
Voluntary behaviors

Adaptation to warmer climates also alters sweat volume.

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Infants produce heat via brown fat metabolism but do not conserve heat well due to what factors?

Small size
High surface area to weight ratio
Inability to shiver

These factors make them vulnerable to temperature changes.

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Older adults exhibit decreased shivering and slower metabolic response due to what conditions?

Slowed circulation
Structural skin changes
Lower metabolic heat production

They also have more comorbid diseases affecting thermoregulation.

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What triggers a fever?

Exogenous pyrogens and endogenous pyrogenic cytokines

These include substances like endotoxins that stimulate the hypothalamus.

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What is produced during the acute phase response?

C-reactive protein
Fibrinogen
Ferritin

This response also reduces albumin and transferrin levels.

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What are endogenous antipyretics that lower the hypothalamic set point?

MSH
CRF
IL-10
Glucocorticoids

These substances help regulate fever responses.

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What defines Febrile Seizures?

Temperatures greater than 38°C (100.4°F) without CNS infection

More common in boys younger than five years.

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What is FUO defined as?

Temperature greater than 38.3°C (101°F) for longer than three weeks

It remains undiagnosed after standard evaluation.

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What is hyperthermia?

Elevation of body temperature without an increase in the hypothalamic set point

It can lead to nerve damage and death.

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What is malignant hyperthermia triggered by?

Inhaled anesthetics
Depolarizing muscle relaxants

It leads to uncontrolled calcium release and severe complications.

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What is defined as a core temperature below 35°C (95°F)?

Hypothermia

It can cause severe physiological effects and increased blood viscosity.

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What are the management strategies for mild accidental hypothermia?

Passive rewarming

This includes using blankets and a warm room.

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What are the two major phases of normal adult sleep?

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Non-REM (NREM) sleep
Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep

NREM sleep constitutes 75–80% of total sleep.

What physiological changes occur during Non-REM sleep?

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Decreased sympathetic tone
Increased parasympathetic activity
Lower heart rate and blood pressure

Body temperature also drops during this phase.

What is the characteristic of REM sleep?

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EEG pattern resembles wakefulness

It is associated with dreaming and heightened brain activity.

What are the wake-promoting substances?

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Hypocretins (orexins)
Acetylcholine
Glutamate

These neurotransmitters help maintain alertness.

What defines **insomnia**?

Difficulty falling or staying asleep ## Footnote It leads to daytime fatigue and poor concentration.

What is the most common **sleep-related breathing disorder**?

Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (OSAS) ## Footnote Characterized by repeated airway obstruction during sleep.

What is **Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS)** also known as?

Willis–Ekbom disease ## Footnote It involves unpleasant leg sensations and an irresistible urge to move the legs.

What are the three layers of the **eye wall**?

* Sclera * Choroid * Retina ## Footnote The sclera is the tough outer layer, while the choroid absorbs light.

What is the function of the **aqueous humor** in the anterior segment of the eye?

Maintains intraocular pressure and provides nutrients ## Footnote It drains through the trabecular meshwork into the canal of Schlemm.

What happens when there is a blockage of **aqueous humor drainage**?

Increased intraocular pressure ## Footnote This can lead to conditions like glaucoma.

What are the **two main segments** of the eye?

* Anterior segment * Posterior segment ## Footnote The anterior segment contains aqueous humor, while the posterior segment is filled with vitreous humor.

What is the function of **aqueous humor** in the eye?

Flows from the posterior chamber through the pupil into the anterior chamber and drains through the trabecular meshwork into the canal of Schlemm ## Footnote It helps maintain intraocular pressure and provides nutrients to the eye.

What condition is caused by blockage of **aqueous humor drainage**?

Glaucoma ## Footnote Increased intraocular pressure can lead to vision loss.

Define **strabismus**.

One eye deviates from the other due to muscle imbalance, resulting in double vision ## Footnote It can affect depth perception and visual acuity.

What is **nystagmus**?

Involuntary rhythmic movement of the eyes ## Footnote It may occur with brainstem or inner ear disorders.

What is a **cataract**?

A cloudy or opaque lens that causes blurred vision, glare, and faded color perception ## Footnote Common causes include aging, diabetes, trauma, radiation, or steroid use.

What are the two types of **glaucoma**?

* Open-angle glaucoma * Angle-closure glaucoma ## Footnote Open-angle glaucoma is gradual, while angle-closure glaucoma is sudden and painful.

What do the **eyelids** do?

Protect the eyes and regulate light entry ## Footnote They also assist in tear distribution.

What is **conjunctivitis**?

Inflammation of the conjunctiva ## Footnote It can be bacterial, viral, or allergic in nature.

What are the symptoms of **bacterial conjunctivitis**?

* Redness * Pus * Glued eyelids in the morning ## Footnote It is treated with antibiotics.

What is **Ménière Disease**?

A chronic disorder of the inner ear characterized by fluid pressure increase ## Footnote Symptoms include vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, and fullness in the ear.

What is **otitis externa** commonly known as?

Swimmer’s Ear ## Footnote It is an infection of the outer ear canal.

What are common bacteria causing **otitis media**?

* Streptococcus pneumoniae * Haemophilus influenzae * Moraxella catarrhalis ## Footnote It often follows a cold or sinus infection.

What is **proprioception**?

Awareness of the position and movement of the body and its parts ## Footnote It allows individuals to know where their limbs are in space without visual input.

What does the **vestibular system** help maintain?

Balance and spatial orientation ## Footnote It is located in the inner ear.

What is **vestibular nystagmus**?

Constant, involuntary movement of the eyes caused by overstimulation of the semicircular canals ## Footnote It is often associated with balance disorders.

What can cause **peripheral neuropathy**?

* Diabetes mellitus * Chronic kidney disease * Other systemic conditions ## Footnote It results in reduced or absent sense of limb position.

Trachoma

Caused by Chlamydia trachomatis Leads to scarring and blindness Treated w/azithromycin

Bacterial conjunctivitis

Causes redness, pus, glued eyelids in the am. Treated w/abx

Otitis Externa / Swimmer’s Ear

Outer ear canal infection Caused by: Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus Pain INCREASES when pulling on ear. Tx: topical abx, steroids

Meniere Disease

Chronic disorder of inner ear Fluid pressure/endolymph increases inside inner ear. S/s: vertigo, hearing loss, tinnitus, fullness/pressure in ear. Minutes to hours, N/V Tx: diet changes, meds, surgery

2 Pain & Temp Flashcards

(51 cards)