a level biology > 2.1.1 Cell Structure > Flashcards

2.1.1 Cell Structure Flashcards

(42 cards)

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1
Q

what is the structure of nucleus?

A
  1. nuclear envelope
    —> double membrane
  2. nuclear pores
  3. nucleoplasm
    —> jelly-like material
  4. chromosomes
    —> protein-bound and linear dna
  5. nucleolus
    —> smaller sphere inside nucleus
    —> site of rna production and makes ribosomes
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2
Q

what is the function of the nucleus’ parts?

A
  1. nuclear envelope - separates content of nucleus from rest of the cell
  2. pores - enable larger substances to leave the nucleus
  3. nucleolus - ribosomes are made
  4. chromosomes - contain organisms’s genes
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3
Q

what is the structure of rough endoplasmic reticulum? (RER)

A
  • system of membranes with cisternae
  • coated with ribosomes
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4
Q

what is the function of the RER?

A
  • intraceulluar transport system
  • cisternae form channels for transporting substances from one area of a cell to another
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5
Q

what is the structure of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? (SER)

A
  • system of membranes containing cisternae
  • no ribosomes
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6
Q

what is the function of SER?

A
  • contain enzymes that catalyse reactions involved with lipid metabolism
  • involved with synthesis and transport of lipids
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7
Q

what is the function of the golgi apparatus?

A
  • proteins are modified by adding carbohydrates to proteins to form glycoproteins
  • proteins are packaged into vesicles
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8
Q

what is the function of ribosomes?

A
  • site of protein synthesis
  • mRNA assembles proteins from amino acids
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9
Q

what’s the function of mitochondria?

A

ATP is made during aerobic respiration

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10
Q

what is the function of a lysosome?

A
  • contain powerful digestive enzymes
  • used to break down materials that are not needed anymore
  • broken down through the process of hydrolysis
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11
Q

what’s the function of cell surface membrane?

A
  • controls what goes in and out of the cell
  • made out of phospholipid bilayer
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12
Q

what’s the function of centrioles?

A
  • take part in mitosis to form spindle fibres
  • only found in animals
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13
Q

what are the function/properties of a cell wall?

A
  • provides high tensile strength
  • insoluble
  • inert
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14
Q

what is the cell wall in bacteria made up of?

A

peptidoglycan

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15
Q

what is the function of vacuole?

A
  • membrane surrounding it is called tonoplast
  • becomes turgid or flaccid altering the cell shape
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16
Q

what’s a vesicle?

A

membrane bound organell which is used to transport substances

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17
Q

Why do we need to stain specimens?

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A

Allows specimen to become visible and to improve contrast

18
Q

what are examples of stains?

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A
  1. Methylene blue —> stains dna
  2. Eosin —> stains cell cytoplasm
19
Q

Why are transmission microscopes used? (TEM)

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A

To look at organelle detail

20
Q

Why are scanning electron microscopes used? (SEM)

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A

To look at the cell surface

21
Q

What is the magnification?

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A

number of times larger the image is in comparison to the object

22
Q

What is resolution?

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A

Ability to distinguish between small structures that are close together

23
Q

Why does the specimen have to be thin in a light microscope?

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A

So maximum light can penetrate sample

24
Q

how do you prepare a dry mount microscope slide?

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A
  • take a thin slice of a specimen as light needs to pass through it
  • use tweezers to pick up your specimen and put it in the middle of a clean slide
  • pop a cover slip on top
25
how do you prepare a wet mount microscope slide?
- **pipette** a **small drop of water** onto the slide and **use tweezers** to **place specimen on top** of water - **tilt cover slip and lower it** onto the specimen and **try not to get air bubbles** - add a **stain**
26
how do you use a light microscope?
1. put **slide** you want to look at **on the stage** 2. select **lowest powered objective lens** 3. use **coarse adjustment knob** to **bring stage up** to below the **objective lens** 4. look down the **eyepiece lens** and use coarse adjustment knob to move stage until image is in focus 5. **adjust focus** with **fine adjustment knob** 6. **switch** to **higher powered objective lens** if needed
27
what is the role of the cytoskeleton within the cell?
- whole **cell support** - **movement** of **cilia and flagella** - changing **cell shape** - **movement of organelles** and **chromosomes**
28
what are the main components of the cytoskeleton?
1. microfilaments 2. microtubules 3. intermediate filaments
29
what do all the components in the cytoskeleton require?
ATP
30
what are cell walls in a prokaryote made of?
- **peptidoglycan** - it has **high tensile strength**
31
what are prokaryotes made of?
rRNA and protein
32
what’s found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
ribosomes
33
do root cells contain chloroplasts?
no
34
how do you correctly add a stain?
- place **stain at edge of sample** - **lower cover slip** at an **angle** - use **more than one stain** - use **blotting paper** to **remove excess stain**
35
what is the role of the membrane in the RER?
- **holds ribosomes** in place - **separates proteins** from **cytoplasm**
36
why do goblet cells have mitochondria?
to produce **a lot of ATP**
37
do yeast cells have nucleus?
yes
38
what’s the means of cell division in a yeast cell?
budding
39
what are some structural similarities between mitochondria and prokaryotes?
- both have **70s ribosomes** - both have **circular DNA**
40
how are molecules secreted after translation?
- **transport vesicle** from RER - **modified at golgi** - **packaged** into **secretory vesicle** - vesicle **moves along cytoskeleton** - vesicle **fuses with cell surface membrane** - secretion happens by **exocytosis**
41
how can vesicles be moved around the cell?
- **attaches** to **cytoskeleton** - moves by **change in length of microtubules**
42
how would you measure something under a microscope?
- use **eyepiece graticule** - measure in **epu** - take **repeat measurements** and calculate a **mean**
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