4.2.2 Classification And Evolution

Question 1

what is a species?

Answer 1

two individuals that can breed together to produce fertile offspring

Question 2

what’s the order of axons in a natural classification system?

Answer 2

• domain
• kingdom
• phylum
• class
• order
• family
• genus
• species

Do Keep Penis Clean Or Forget Good Sex (the teacher taught me this btw I did NOT come up w it)

Question 3

what’s an advantage of the binomial naming system?

Answer 3

it is universal

Question 4

what are the five kingdoms?

Answer 4

• prokaryote
• protoctista
• plantae
• animalia
• fungi
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Question 5

what are the features of a prokaryote?

Answer 5

• no membrane bound organelles
• cell wall is present and made of peptidoglycan
• it is heterotrophic and does digestion externally
• autotrophic and saptitrophic
• unicellular

Question 6

what are the features of protoctista?

Answer 6

• have membrane bound organelles
• cell wall sometimes present and made of different compositions
• hetero and autotrophic
• unicellular and multicellular

Question 7

what are the features of fungi?

Answer 7

• have membrane bound organelles
• cell wall present and made of chitin
• heterotrophic and does digestion externally
• saprotrophic
• multi cellular or unicellular
• multi- nuclear

Question 8

what are the features of plantae?

Answer 8

• have membrane bound organelles
• cell wall present and made of cellulose
• autotrophic as it performs photosynthesis
• multicellular

Question 9

what are the features of animalia?

Answer 9

• have membrane bound organelles
• cell wall is absent
• heterotrophic
• multicellular

Question 10

what factors can you use to group species and show they’re from a common ancestor?

Answer 10

• physical features
• dna -> BASE sequences
• biochemistry proteins -> AMINO ACID sequences
• cytochrome C
• rNA
• behaviour
• anatomy
• embryological evidence

Question 11

how can dna be used to link species?

Answer 11

• a particular piece of DNA or RNA would code for the same protein in different species
• see if they have similar base sequences

Question 12

how can comparing biochemistry proteins help group species?

Answer 12

• by comparing amino acids
• similar amino acids = species closely related

Question 13

what is the main reason that life is NOW classified into 3 domains? (LOL how has bio developed over time ahh issue and debate)

Answer 13

• differences in
• protein synthesis in organisms

Question 14

what are the 3 domains?

Answer 14

• bacteria
• archaea
• eukarya

(bae)

Question 15

why is the 3 domains better than the 5 kingdoms?

Answer 15

• many fundamental differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes
• eukaryotes all have nuclei and membrane bound organelles
• many fundamental differences between bacteria and archaea
• bacteria and archaea have different RNA polymerase

Question 16

what’s classification?

Answer 16

• placing living things into categories
• based upon similarities or differences

Question 17

what’s phylogeny? how can it be shown?

Answer 17

• closeness of evolutionary relationships
• with a phylogenetic tree

Question 18

what’s the relationship between classification and phylogeny?

Answer 18

modern classification reflects phylogeny

Question 19

what can you learn from fossils from Darwin?

Answer 19

• fossils found in sediments underground are older than those above it
• fossils show organisms change over time
• simple animals in older rocks

Question 20

what’s archaeopteryx?

Answer 20

• shows links
• many fossil organisms died off
• compares DNA in fossils

Question 21

what’s interspecific and intraspecific variation?

Answer 21

inter = variation between species
intra = variation within a species

Question 22

what is continuous data?

Answer 22

• no distinct categories
• determined by several genes
• effected by environment

Question 23

what’s discontinuous data?

Answer 23

• presented on bar chart
• distinct categories
• determined by one gene
• unaffected by environment
• no intermediate values

Question 24

what’s anatomical adaptations?

Answer 24

aka structural features that increase its chance of survival e.g whales having thick layer of fat

Question 25

what’s physiological adaptations?

Answer 25

cell **processes that increase its chance of survival** e.g brown bears hibernating

Question 26

what’s behavioural adaptations?

Answer 26

changes in **behaviour that increases its chance of survival** e.g worm moving away when touched

Question 27

what’s darwin’s theory of natural selection?

Answer 27

**LINK TO CONTEXT OF QUESTION** - **genetic variation** between population - due to **mutations** - mutations are **random** - due to sexual selection, **large numbers of offspring** are present - **selection pressure** - those that **have mutation more likely to survive** - **pass** on **alleles** - **overtime increase** in **allele frequency** **LINK TO CONTEXT OF QUESTION**

Question 28

how can scientists know an organism evolved in a specific time period?

Answer 28

- use **fossils** - in **rocks**

Question 29

what’s the type of speciation that occurs when two populations live in the same location?

Answer 29

sympatric

Question 30

what exactly changed from the 5 kingdoms to the 3 domains?

Answer 30

- **4 of the kingdoms now** in **1 domain**: **eukarya** — these are **protoctista, fungi, plantae and animalia** - **remaining kingdom** from before, **prokaryotae, divided into 2 DIFFERENT DOMAINS** : **archaea and bacteria** - **MORE ACCURATE** in reflecting **ORIGINS**

Question 31

what did Darwin report back to us from his little trip?

Answer 31

- his **observations** - his **natural selection theory**

Question 32

what were Darwin’s observations?

Answer 32

- **organisms produce more offspring than survive** - there’s **variation in characteristics** of members of **same species** - **some characteristics can be passed on** from one **generation to next** - individuals that are **best adapted to environment more likely** to **survive**

Question 33

which other guy contributed to theory of evolution but is irrelevant now and what did he say

Answer 33

- **wallance** miskeen - **independently** came up with **idea of natural selection** and **wrote to Darwin ab it**

Question 34

what is the evidence for evolution

Answer 34

- fossils - DNA - molecular evidence

Question 35

how can DNA be evidence for evolution?

Answer 35

organisms that diverged away from each other more recently should have more **similar DNA**

Question 36

how can molecular evidence show evolution?

Answer 36

- **similarities in sequence of amino acids** in proteins - **compare antibodies** - organisms that **diverged away from each other more recently** have **more similar molecules**

Question 37

how can two organisms share similar features but not be closely related?

Answer 37

- **evolved independently** on **different continents** - **look similar** because they’ve **evolved to live in similar environments**

Question 38

how can fossils show show evolution?

Answer 38

- fossils can be **compared to other species** - fossils can **fill in the gaps in the evolutionary tree**