2.4

Question 1

volume loading hypertension caused by?

Answer 1

increase of aldosterone of ADH

Question 2

vasconstrictor hypertension caused by?

Answer 2

increase sympathetic stimulation of vessels or increased circulating vasoconstrictors

Question 3

primary hypertension and 3 contributing factors?

Answer 3

• no known cause (90-95% of cases)
• unknown cause
• renin levels normal or high
• INCREASED TRP IN ALL CASES*
  1) chronic stress= sympathetic nerve stimulation of renal arterioles
  2) salt sensitivity= Na aiding in arteriolar reponse to sympathetic stimulation
  3) sclerotic renal arteries= increased renin

Question 4

secondary hypertension and 4 known causes?

Answer 4

• 5-10% of known cases
  1) neurogenic hypertension- vasoconstrictor, caused by brain trauma
  2) pheochromocytoma- vasoconstrictor, caused by adrenal medullary tumor (release epi and nor)
  3) primary aldosteronism- volume-loading, caused by adrenal corticol tumor (release aldosterone)
  4) renal hypertension-vasoconstrict and volume-loading, caused by renal ischemia (renin and angiotensin 2)

Question 5

what is hypertension?

Answer 5

high blood pressure

Question 6

effects of chronic hypertension?

Answer 6

1) increased work of heart= pathological hypertrophy- decrease ventricular function- heart fails
2) atheroschlerosis= heart disease and kidney damage
3) damaged cerebral vessels= cerebrovascular accident (stroke)
4) damaged peripheral vessels= ulcerations and gangrane of extremities***

Question 7

treatment of hypertension?

Answer 7

natriuretics
diuretics
alpha blockers
beta blockers
ca channel clockers
ACE inhibitors
excercise

Question 8

hear failure usually caused by?

Answer 8

hypertension and heart disease

Question 9

what is heart failure?

Answer 9

insufficient cardiac output to maintain adequate tissue

Question 10

two main categories of heart failure?

Answer 10

1) diastolic dysfunction (poor filling)

2) systolic dysfunction (poor ejection)

Question 11

inadequate filling is usually caused by?

Answer 11

hypertension

Question 12

congestive heart failure

Answer 12

term used to describe the incresed venous volume and pressure that is a result of feither diastolic or systoluc dysfunction
***at first only during excercise, but later even during rest

Question 13

response to congestive heart failure?

Answer 13

• initially, short term BP regulation mechanisms try to compensate
• later, long term BP regulation mechanisms are called into play

Question 14

what happens to BV, BP and edema with congestive heart failure?

Answer 14

they all INCREASE

Question 15

heart failure most common?

Answer 15

• ***LEFT most common= pulmonary edema

* right= systemic edema

Question 16

primary cause of atherosclerosis?

Answer 16

• most common form of arteriosclerosis
• plaque (atheromas)
• sometimes thrombus breaks free