3 Flashcards by Glairelle Oborza

KEY PHYSIOLOGIC CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

cardiovascular changes
hormonal secretion
gastrointestinal function
blood volume and composition
respiratory function
renal function
metabolic adjustments

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Increased cardiac output from 30%-50% by 32 weeks of pregnancy & declines to about 20% at week 40

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Cardiac output = _____________

blood volume

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Heart rate increases from ______bpm

70 to 85

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Slight cardiac hypertrophy or increase in cardiac size or dilation.
Decrease in both systolic and diastolic pressure of _________ mmHg

5-10

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hormones that have major effects on maternal physiology and/or nutrient metabolism are:

Progesterone
Estrogen
Human chorionic thyrotropin (HCT)
Human growth hormone
Thyroxine
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Insulin
Aldosterone

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Increased __________ may be observed early in pregnancy.
(GI function)

apetite

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Decreased tone and motility of the smooth muscles, which lead to _________________, decrease emptying time of the stomach and reverse peristalsis, and may cause nausea, vomiting, and heartburn

esophageal regurgitation

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Decreased secretion of ___________________ reduces gastric acidity and depresses calcium and iron absorption

hydrochloric acid (HCl)

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LBW babies – _____kg or less

2.5kg

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Total blood plasma volume is known to increase ___% above normal values, beginning with 3rd month of pregnancy

33 %

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Hematocrit, normally around 35% among nonpregnant women, is only ________% during pregnancy

29-31%

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volume of RBC

hematocrit

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RAA MECHANISM

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

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protein molecule released by kidneys which acts as an enzyme
; converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I

renin

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blood protein from liver

angiotensinogen

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enzyme found in large amounts in organs such as the lungs, converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II

angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)

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acts on kidneys causing them to conserve Na and water

aldosterone

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major maternal fuel

fat

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major fetal fuel

glucose

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Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is increased by _____% by the end of the term

20-25

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the muscular organ within which the infant develops before birth

uterus

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Oval, spongy structure which at term is 15-17 cm in diameter, and weighs about 450 grams

placenta

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Also known as “afterbirth” when expelled after the birth of the baby

placenta

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a fluid-filled balloon-like structure that houses the developing fetus; “bag of waters” in the uterus

amniotic sac

a ropelike structure containing fetal blood vessels that extends through the fetus’s bellybutton (umbilicus) to the placenta

umbilical cord

Route of nourishment & oxygen to the fetus, and route of waste disposal from fetus

umbilical cord

EXPELLED FROM UTERUS DURING CHILDBIRTH

placenta amniotic sac umbilical cord

PLACENTA PURPOSE

1 supply fetus with nutrients and oxygen 2 store nutrients particularly vitamins 3 produce substances required for fetal metabolism 4 removing fetal waste products

DIVISIONS OF PLACENTA

1 fetal portion 2 maternal portion 3 intervillous spaces

fetal portion of placenta, increase total absorbing surface of infant

chorion

maternal portion of placenta, hollow spaces that fill with blood from the endometrial arteries & veins

lacunae

agents of transfer

chorionic villi

depot of transfer

intervillous spaces

newly fertilized ovum less than a week after fertilization

zygote

STAGES OF EMBRYONIC AND FETAL DEVELOPMENT

1 zygote 2 fetus 3 embryo 4 newborn infant

5 weeks after fertilization, 1/2 in long after implantation, placenta develops and begins to provide nourishment to the developing __________

embryo

11 weeks of development. umbilical cord and blood vessels connecting _______ w placenta

fetus

after 9 mos of development measures approx 20in 20x longer, 50x heavier

newborn infant

Occurs after sexual intercourse no more than 72 hours before the ovulation & not later than 24 hours after

fertilization

Takes ____ hours for the sperm to complete the journey up to the female duct system to the end of the uterine tubes

1-2

Occurs at the moment the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an ovum to form a fertilized egg

fertilization

the first cell of the new individual

zygote

“differentiation” of major organs and tissues (2-8 weeks)

organogenesis

First 2 weeks or 14 days of gestation. Fertilized ovum becomes embedded in the wall of the uterus. Cell division continues, zygote becomes an embryo.

implantation

3 basic layers of tissue form & give rise to the various specific organs & tissues of the body:

- Ectoderm (nervous system & epidermis) - Endoderm (lining of GIT, liver, pancreas, thyroid) - Mesoderm (skeleton, connective tissues, vascular & urogenital systems, dermis, skeletal & smooth muscle)

By the _th week, body begins to take form and can be identified as human (organogenesis)

7th

poor skeletal formation

riboflavin deficiency

Pyridoxine/Manganese deficiency

neuromotor problems

hydrocephalus

vit. b12 deficiency

Vit. A/niacin/folacin deficiencies

cleft palate

Covers the remaining 7 months of pregnancy; starts at 3rd month

growth period

[growth period] WEEK 4

brain development begins

SEQUENCE OF DEVELOPMENT CHANGES DURING PREGNANCY

WEEK 4: brain development begins 5: heart function and liver function 8: skeleton mineralization begins MONTH 3: kidney function 4: lungs form 5: fetus kicks and turns 6: fetus swallows 7: fetal nervous system controls breathing 8: lungs function

Times of intense development & rapid cell division

critical period

Critical = events scheduled for those times can occur only at those times

beginning structure or brain and spinal cord

neural tube

paralysis; dislocated hip, spine curvature, muscle weakness, mental handicaps

spina bifida

ends in miscarriage

anencephaly

FOLATE SUPPLEMENTATION ___ ug pregnant W ___ ug lactating W

600ug - P 500ug - L

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT central nervous system

Central Nervous System : 2-5 wks

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT heart

heart : 3-6 wks

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT ears

ears : 3-10 wks

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT eyes

eyes : 3-7 wks

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT legs and arms

legs and arms : 3-7 wks

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT teeth

teeth : 6-8 wks

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT palate

palate : 6-9 wks

CRITICAL PERIODS OF DEVELOPMENT external genitalia

external genitalia : 6-12 wks

3 Flashcards

(68 cards)