3 ppt

Question 1

Q: What are the main functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

A: Respiration (inspiration/expiration), filtering/warming/humidifying air, regulating pH, and speech/smell.

The respiratory system helps control the body’s pH (acid-base balance) by managing how much carbon dioxide (CO₂) is in the blood.

Question 2

Q: What is the specialty and specialist for lung care?

Answer 2

A: Pulmonology — Pulmonologist.

Question 3

Q: What structures are in the upper respiratory tract?

Answer 3

A: Nose, pharynx, larynx, paranasal sinuses.

-paranasal sinuses (include frontal sinus, ethmoid air cells, sphenoid sinus, maxillary sinus)

Question 4

Q: What is the function of the alveoli?

Answer 4

A: Gas exchange between air and blood.

Question 5

Q: What is the difference between external and internal respiration?

Answer 5

A: External = lungs ↔ blood; Internal = blood ↔ tissues.

Question 6

Q: What are rales and wheezing?

Answer 6

A: Rales = crackling sounds; Wheezing = high-pitched airway sounds.

Question 7

Q: What is pleural effusion?

Answer 7

A: Fluid in the pleural cavity.

Question 8

Q: What is pneumoconiosis?

Answer 8

A: Lung scarring caused by inhaled dust (e.g., coal, silica, asbestos).

Question 9

Q: Name one diagnostic test for respiratory disorders.

Answer 9

A: Pulmonary function test (PFT), Chest X-ray, ABG, or CT scan.

• It’s a special type of X-ray
• A CT scan shows clear 3D images of your body’s inside to help doctors find problems.

Question 10

Q: What is a bronchoscopy?

Answer 10

A: Viewing the bronchi with a scope.

Question 11

Q: Name one therapeutic device for breathing assistance.

Answer 11

A: CPAP, nasal cannula, Venturi mask, ventilator.

• CPAP stands for Continuous Positive Airway Pressure.
• Commonly used for: sleep apnea

Question 12

Q: What are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 12

A: Transport oxygen, nutrients, hormones; remove waste.

Question 13

Q: What is the specialty and specialist?

Answer 13

A: Cardiology — Cardiologist.

Question 14

Q: Name the heart’s four chambers.

Answer 14

A: Right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Question 15

Q: What is ejection fraction?

Answer 15

A: % of blood pumped out each beat (~65%).

Question 16

Q: Trace blood flow through the heart.

Answer 16

A: Body → RA → RV → lungs → LA → LV → body.

Question 17

Q: What is bradycardia?

Answer 17

A: Slow heart rate (<60 bpm).

Question 18

Q: What is tachycardia?

Answer 18

A: Fast heart rate (>100 bpm).

Question 19

Q: What is atherosclerosis?

Answer 19

A: Fatty plaque buildup in arteries.

Question 20

Q: What is a heart murmur?

Answer 20

A: Abnormal heart sound from turbulent blood flow.

Question 21

Q: What is a pacemaker used for?

Answer 21

A: To correct abnormal heart rhythms.

Question 22

Q: What does CABG stand for?

Answer 22

A: Coronary Artery Bypass Graft — reroutes blood around blocked arteries.

Question 23

Q: Name one cardiac medication type.

Answer 23

A: Beta-blocker, ACE inhibitor, anticoagulant, diuretic.

Question 24

Q: What are the three main blood cells?

Answer 24

A: RBCs (erythrocytes), WBCs (leukocytes), platelets (thrombocytes).

Question 25

Q: What is hematology?

Answer 25

A: Study of blood — hematologist.

Question 26

Q: What is the main function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 26

A: Drain excess fluid and defend against infection.

Question 27

Q: What is immunity?

Answer 27

A: The body’s defense against pathogens.

Question 28

Q: What is hemophilia?

Answer 28

A: Inherited bleeding disorder (missing clotting factor).

Question 29

Q: What is leukemia?

Answer 29

A: Cancer of WBCs.

Question 30

Q: What is lymphoma?

Answer 30

A: Cancer of lymphatic tissue.

Question 31

Q: What is AIDS?

Answer 31

A: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome — HIV destroys immune cells.

Question 32

Q: What is the first line of defense in immunity?

Answer 32

A: Skin, mucous membranes (nonspecific).

Question 33

Q: What is specific immunity?

Answer 33

A: Targeted antibody response to a particular antigen.

Question 34

Q: What test measures RBC and WBC counts?

Answer 34

A: Complete Blood Count (CBC).

Question 35

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 35

Long-term airway inflammation causing mucus and cough.

Question 36

Emphysema

Answer 36

Air sac damage causing trapped air and trouble exhaling.

Question 37

Lungs (prefix)?

Answer 37

(pulmon/o, pneum/o, pneumon/o)

Question 38

Paranasal sinuses

Answer 38

(sin/o, sinus/o)

Question 39

Eustachian tubes

Answer 39

(salping/o)

Question 40

Pharyngeal tonsils/adenoids

Answer 40

(adenoid/o) - Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids): Lymph tissue located high in the throat (nasopharynx) that helps trap and destroy germs entering through the nose.

Question 41

Palatine tonsils

Answer 41

(tonsill/o)

Question 42

Lungs

Answer 42

Lobes (lob/o)

Question 43

Diaphragm

Answer 43

(phren/o, diaphragm/o, diaphragmat/o) and intercostal (cost/o) muscles

Question 44

Aphonia

Answer 44

Loss of voice.

Question 45

Dysphonia

Answer 45

Hoarse or difficult voice - Hoarse: Rough, scratchy, or weak-sounding voice

Question 46

Cheyne-Stokes respiration

Answer 46

Breathing pattern with slow, shallow breaths that get deeper, then stop for a short time.

Question 47

Epistaxis

Answer 47

Nosebleed.

Question 48

Pleurodynia:

Answer 48

Sharp pain in the chest muscles when breathing.

Question 49

Hypoxia:

Answer 49

Low oxygen in the body tissues.

Question 50

Hypoxemia

Answer 50

Low oxygen level in the blood.

Question 51

Thoracodynia

Answer 51

Chest pain.

Question 52

Pyrexia:

Answer 52

Fever

Question 53

Orthopnea

Answer 53

Trouble breathing when lying flat.

Question 54

Chest tympany

Answer 54

A drum-like sound heard when tapping the chest, usually caused by too much air in the lungs (as in pneumothorax or emphysema).

Question 55

Rhonchi

Answer 55

Low, snoring or rumbling lung sounds (from mucus in larger airways).

Question 56

Rales

Answer 56

Crackling or popping lung sounds heard with a stethoscope (from fluid in the airways).

Question 57

Hiccup (hiccough/singultus):

Answer 57

Sudden, repeated spasm of the diaphragm causing a quick intake of air.

Question 58

Coryza

Answer 58

The common cold;

Question 59

Deviated septum:

Answer 59

When the wall dividing the nose (nasal septum) is crooked or off-center, making one side of the nose smaller and causing breathing problems.

Question 60

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA

Answer 60

Breathing stops repeatedly during sleep because the airway becomes blocked.

Question 61

Polyps, nasal and vocal cord:

Answer 61

Soft, noncancerous growths in the nose or on the vocal cords that can cause breathing or voice problems.

Question 62

Rhinomycosis:

Answer 62

Fungal infection of the nose.

Question 63

Rhinosalpingitis

Answer 63

Inflammation of the nose and eustachian tube.

Question 64

Tracheomalacia:

Answer 64

Weakening or softening of the tracheal (windpipe) walls, causing them to collapse when breathing.

Question 65

Tracheostenosis

Answer 65

Narrowing of the trachea that makes it hard to breathe.

Question 66

Bronchiectasis

Answer 66

Permanent widening and damage of the airways, causing mucus buildup and frequent lung infections.

Question 67

Dyspnea on exertion (DOE)

Answer 67

Shortness of breath that happens during physical activity or exercise.

Question 68

-tomy

Answer 68

Means cutting into or making an incision.