DAMAGE TO THE HIPPOCAMPUS—AMNESIA
the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma
Declarative memory: episodic and semantic
Anterograde amnesia
- commonly caused by brain trauma
- Hippocampus is usually affected
- Issue with FUTUREEE
- Inability to make new episodic or semantic memories
- still has old episodic memories, just can’t make new episodic memories
- Still have their old memories
- Many people can still form new procedural memories
- Problem with consolidation
Reterograde amnesia
- Loss of memories prior to trauma
- Partial / full loss of memories
- Can make new memories
- Difficulty with episodic or semantic?
Construction:
making a new memory
Reconstruction
bringing up old memories
forgetting sins of memory
- transience
- absentmindedness
- blocking
distortion sins of memory
- misattribution
- suggestibility
- bias
intrusion sins of memory
persistence
FORGETTING
- rapid forgetting happens in the sensory and the short-term memory stage
- happens for long-term memory
encoding failure
memory loss happens before the actual memory process begins
Transience
forgetting that occurs with the passage of time
- Rapid forgetting happens in the sensory and short-term memory stage
- Happens for long-term memory
- Most information that is forgotten, is forgotten quickly
- Cramming…helps you if taken immediately, but most of that information is quickly forgotten
- Average person will lose 50% of the memorized information after 20 minutes and 70% of the information after 24 hours
part of what happens with transience is that other memories get in the way
retroactive interference
New information inhibits our ability to remember old information; interfering with old memory
Proactive interference
old information inhibits the ability to remember new information
Absentmindedness
a lapse in attention that results in a memory failure
- Incorporates encoding failures
- Semantic tasks shows lower activity in the LEFT lower frontal lobe
- Episodic memories shows lower activity in the hippocampus
Blocking
failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
- Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
- Information has been encoded and stored… is in long term memory… BUT IS PROBLEM WITH RETRIEVAL!
- Something is blocking you from accessing it
- Information that is not as strongly associated with related concepts/knowledge are more likely to be blocked
Misattribution
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
Most common mistake in eyewitness misidentifications
Suggestibility
the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources Into personal recollection
- Suggestibility can often affect misattribution
- Eyewitness misidentification :O
- To lessen this, interviewers use neutral and less leading language
- Blind photo lineup
Misinformation effect
after exposure to incorrect information, a person may misremember the original event
False memory syndrome
recall of false autobiographical memories
Bias
the distorting influence of present knowledge, believes, and feelings of recollection of previous experiences
Stereotype bias
racial and gender biases that affect recall in stereotype-consistent ways
Egocentric bias
recalling information in ways that make yourself look better
Hindsight bias
thinking that an outcome was inevitable after the outcome occurred, seeing something as predictable despite there being little basis for predicting the event before it occurred
Persistence
intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget
- Key symptom of PTSD
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