Bio 308/309 > 308: mod 3 > Flashcards

308: mod 3 Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

CNS (Central Nervous System) contains

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

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2
Q

PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) contains

A

Motor neurons and Sensory neurons

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3
Q

Motor Neurons contains

A

Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System contains

A

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems

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5
Q

Parasympathetic division controls

A

Rest / Digest

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6
Q

Sympathetic division controls

A

Fight / Flight

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7
Q

Spinal cord function

A

Receives sensory and relays it to brain; sends brain impulses to PNS

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8
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Transport from sensory organs to CNS

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9
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Transport from muscles and glands to CNS

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10
Q

Somatic Nervous System controls

A

Voluntary Movements

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System controls

A

Involuntary / Automatic movements

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12
Q

Fight or flight takes oxygen from ______ and gives it to ______

A

Digestive functions; increased blood flow to heart and muscles

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13
Q

Rest of digest slows down _____ and gives it to ________

A

Heart rate and muscle blood flow; immune system and digestion

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14
Q

Interneurons occur

A

in CNS

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15
Q

Reflexes

A

Autonomous interneuron response (reflex arc) hardwired into physiology

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16
Q

90% of all neurons are

A

Interneurons

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17
Q

Reflex arc path

A

Stimuli > Receptor > Sensory Neuron > Interneuron > Motor Neuron > Muscle

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18
Q

Automatic, immediate movement initiated by interneuron after dangerous stimuli without brain involvement

A

Reflex

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19
Q

Soma / Neurosoma / Cell Body

A

Control center of the neuron with a centrally located nucleus

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20
Q

Cytoplasm of Neuron includes

A

Mitochondria, lysosomes, Golgi complex, inclusions, extensive rough ER and cytoskeleton

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

Branches that come off the soma that receive signals and determine how many signals can be received

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22
Q

Axon

A

Originates from mound on soma called axon hillock, cylindrical and relatively unbranched, may be contained within myelin sheath

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23
Q

Gaps in myelin sheath allows for

A

Nerve impulse to jump between gaps, causing a more rapid movement from one end to the other of axon

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23
Q

Synaptic knob

A

End of axon that forms synapse with next cell

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24
Action potential originates from
Axon hillock
25
Gaps in myelin sheath generally found in
Areas of body that require fast response time (e.x. brain)
26
Functional areas of Neuron
Input zone (e.x. dendrites), conducting zone, neurotransmitter release (e.x. synaptic knobs)
27
Anatomical areas of Neuron
Dendrites, body, axon, synaptic knobs
28
Neuroglia
Cells associated with neurons that do not transmit nerve impulses
29
Oligodendrocytes
Form myelin sheath of CNS
30
Neuroglia outnumbers neurons _______ in CNS
10 to 1
31
Ependymal cells
Lines brain ventricles, secretes and circulates cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
32
Schwann cells
Form myelin sheath of PNS
33
Microglia
Wander through CNS looking for debris and damage
34
Astrocytes
Most common glia cells, connect with neurons, play role in metabolic and circulatory systems as waste/nutrient transport. Also convert glucose to lactate
35
Sclerosis
When neuron is damaged and astrocytes for hardened scar tissue to fill space
36
Multiple sclerosis
Neuron circuit impairment from overhardening of scar tissue
37
Autoimmune disorder
Immune system attacking itself due to believing self to be foreign
38
Diameter of nerve fiber regulates
Speed of nerve impulse
39
Potential
Charge difference in relevance to certain area; polarization between ends
40
Most cells maintain
Positive outside, negative inside
41
Cells that are exceptions to the positive outside, negative inside rule
Neurons
42
Depolarization of neuron
Change of charge; negative on outside, positive on inside The nerve impulse
43
Repolarization of neuron
Return to normal charge; negative on inside, followed by return to resting potential
44
Action potential
Rapid shift to positive then back to negative
45
Threshold
Level of depolarization that must be reached for action potential to be carried to synapse
46
Cause of inside of neuron becoming positive
Sodium (Na+) carries positive charge inside of cell
47
Cause of repolarization
Potassium (K+) carries positive charges out of cell
48
Resting potential mechanism
Na+/K+ pump
49
Depolarization mechanism
Na+ voltage-gated channel
50
Repolarization mechanism
K+ voltage-gated channel
51
Threshold point of action potential
-55mV
52
Number of calories burned by Na+/K+ pump
10-20%
53
After-hyperpolarizing phase point
-90mV
54
Maximum point of action potential
+30mV
55
Resting potential point
-70mV
56
Refractory period
Period after repolarization where depolarization is no longer possible, disallowing action potentials to move in reverse
57
Synapse
Space between two neurons where neurotransmitters travel between the release function of one neuron and receptor of another
58
Epiglottis receptors
Sucrose = low, NaCI = high, HCI = high, Quinine = low
59
Uvula function
Prevents food from entering nasal cavity
60
Epiglottis nerve
Cranial Nerve X
61
Circumvallate papillae receptors
Sucrose = low, NaCI (salt) = low, HCL (acidic) = high, Quinine (bitter) = high
62
Circumvallate papillae nerve
Cranial nerve IX
63
Fungiform papillae receptors
Sucrose = very high, NaCl = high, HCL = med, Quinine = low
64
Fungiform papillae nerve
Cranial Nerve VII
65
Taste cell
Part of taste bud that processes taste
66
Taste pore
Pore through which saliva reaches the taste cell
67
To be tasted, molecules must
Dissolve in saliva and floor taste pore
68
Salty flavor produced by
Metal ions (sodium and potassium)
69
Sweet flavor produced by
associated with carbs and other high caloric value
70
Sour flavor produced by
Acids (e.x. citrus fruits)
71
Bitter flavor produced by
associated with spoiled foods and alkaloids (e.x. plant secondaries such as: nicotine, caffeine, quinine, morphine)
72
Umami flavor produced by
"Meaty" amino acids like chicken and beef broth
73
Two mechanisms of action in taste
Activate second-messenger systems OR Depolarize cells directly
74
Taste second-messenger system
Sugars, alkaloids, and glutamate bind to receptors which activate G proteins and second messenger systems within cell
75
Cells that use second-messenger systems
Large, complex cells
76
Direct depolarization in taste
Sodium and acids penetrate cells and depolarize them directly
77
Cells that use depolarization in taste
Less complex and sodium
78
Odorant molecules processed into
Mucus
79
Olfactory sensory nerves carry odorant molecules to
Olfactory cells and olfactory neurons in brain
80
Covid-19 sense of smell loss due to
Infection of olfactory support cells
81
Anatomical function of pinna
Amplify and direct sound entering auditory canal
82
Tympanic membrane
ear drum, solid blockage that separates internal and external ear
83
Tympanic membrane function
Vibrates and encodes volume/frequency of sound for Malleus
84
Middle ear anatomy
Malleus, Incus, Stepes - MIP
85
Function of middle ear
Converts tympanic membrane vibrations to movement and transfers to cochlea
86
Inner ear anatomy
Cochlea and semicircular canals
87
Inner ear function
Liquid in inner ear waves across inner ear hairs for brain to translate into sound
88
Eustatian tube
Opening that connects nasal to throat and maintains air pressure equilibrium
89
Rapid air change can lead to
Errors in Eustachian tube function, leading to pressure in head
90
Otitus media
Middle-ear infection caused by short, horizontal Eustachian tube
91
Spiral organ
Cochlea
92
Stereocilla
Long, stiff microvilli on apical surface of hair cells
93
Organ of corti
Part of cochlea that is responsible for hearing
94
When hairs cells are bent
Ion channels open, depolarizing hair cells and sending nerve impulses to brain
95
Number of hair cell rows
Four; three outer, one inner
96
Brain tells sound apart by
Which hair cells are being stimulated by sound waves and catalogues what sounds mean
97
High frequency sounds near
Base of cochlea (oval window)
98
Low frequently sounds near
Apex of cochlea (terminal end)
99
Saccule and utricle
Detects upwards and downwards movement
100
Semicircular canals
Detects rotational movement
101
Rods
Numerous, sensitive to light, gives grayscale vision
102
Cones
3 different kinds, gives color vision
103
Cornea
Clear front layer of eye
104
Lens
"Fine focus", delivers clear image to retina that stiffens for further images, relaxes for closer images
105
Anterior chamber of eye
Filled with fluid, gives ability for light to bend
106
With age, the lens of the eye
Becomes less flexible, leading to less clear proximal vision due to lens no longer relaxing
107
Glaucoma
elevated pressure within eye due to obstruction of scleral venous sinus, irreversibly kills cell nerves
108
Cataracs
Clouding of ocular lens
109
Images on retina are focused
Upside-down, flipped later by brain
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