how does environmental design achieves social control
-infleunces offenders
-affects their ability to exersice control over surroundings
-argue achetects/builders/town planners can ‘design crime out’
what are the 3 aspects of environmental design
-defensible vs indefensible
-CPTED
-prison design
what are indefensible vs defensible spaces
-Oscar newman
-indefensible=’confused areas’ which breed crime/belong and cared by no one/eg walkways and stairwells, 55% all crime in new york in public places
-defensible=close knit communities which deters crime/’kerb appeal’=cared for, have low crime rates because of 4 key elements
^territoriality, natural surveillance, a safe image, a safe location
what is CPTED
-Crime prevention through environmental design (newmans ideas developed by C R Jeffrey-built environment can create of deny opps to criminals so by altering environment it can reduce crime)
-alice coleman- looked at 4099 flats in 2 London boroughs and concluded 3 poor design features increased crime (anonoymity, lack of surveillance, easy escape)
^recommended no more blocks of flats built and existing should have own private spaces to look after, remove overhead walkways as they obstruct surveillance
examples of CPTED influence
-lisson green estate in west london, removal of overhead walkways=50% less crime
-police employ architectural liaison officers to built in crime prevention features
-‘secured by design’ kite mark used by builders indicates a new building meets crime prevention standards=30% less burglary rate in them
-gated lanes = lockable gates = sidebottom did 43 studies and found they reduced burglary rates by producing a physical barrier to crime/increases reposnibility/ reduces rewards
BUT-dosent fix other aspects of crime eg outside gates or criminals inside-doemstic violence/depends on close knit neighbourhood/restricted access for emergency services
evaluate CPTED
P-situational crime prevention theory-‘target hardening’ bu changing physical environment
P-routine activity theory-emphasises importance of ‘capable guardian’ protecting crime targets
P-rational choice theory-sees offenders acting rationally
C-left realism-criminogenic capitalism is cause of crime
C-dosent address other crime
C-design not the problem? areas reputation may cause crime eg if police see it as crime ridden they will patrol more, higher crime rate and worse rep
what is prison design
-prison design and self surveillance theory can be used for social control, the thought of being watched makes us control our behaviour
-foucalt argues we are controlled through self surveillance=the panopticon design
^cells visible to guards from central point, prisoners must constantly behave as if they are being watched, surveillance turns into self surveillance
how do behavioural tactics achieve social control
-ways agencies seek to change individuals behaviour to make them conform to social rules
what are the 2 types of behavioural tactics
-ASBOS/criminal behaviour orders
-token economies
what are ASBOS/criminal behaviour orders
-asbos introduced 1998 to deal with low level anti social behaviour (civil orders used to restrain someone from threatening the legal right of another), breach=5 years in prison
C-didnt work, 58% breached in 2018, created self fufilly prophecy/alternative status symbol?-‘badge of honour’, leading to repeat offending
-crime and policing act 2014 replaced with civil injunctions (deal with low level nuisance) and criminal behaviour orders (serious anti social behaviour, has positive (improve behaviour actions programme) and negative requirements (restrictions)
what is a token economy
-behaviour modification programme used to reshape behaviour so they conform to institutions requirements
-based on operating learning theory, meet desirable behaviour=posiitve reinforcement eg phone calls , IEPs
P-hobbs and holt study looked at 125 12-15yr olds=effective=significant behaviour changes
C-when reinforcement stops after prison behaviour reverses
C-makes prisoners manageable in prison but dosent address their rehabilitation needs
how do institutional tactics achieve social control
-variety of methods to reduce deviant behaviour to achieve social control
eg token economy/different sanctions and requirements of each institution
what are examples of different institutional tactics
courts-sentencing=individual and general deterrence and community orders=rehabilitation
probation-supervises and can be returned to prison/re-sentencing
prison-set of prison rules that apply to all prisoners and breaking can lead to punishments eg solitary confinement for minor or extended sentence for serious
phased discipline- first offence=lenient, repeat=stronger sanctions to deter future misbehaviour
what gaps in state provision make it hard to achieve social control
-resources=tax payers reluctant to pay too much, budget cuts eg police budgets fell by 16% and staff levels by 15%
-new tech=extra burden=extra costs to investigate
-unreported crime=only 40% crimes reported eg 1 in 4 rapes,csnt investigate what they don’t know?
-existing laws=need appropriate laws to achieve eg new type of harm cant be prosecuted eg debate on reponsibilities to control social media platforms for harmful material
