3.2 Memory

Question 1

Encoding

Answer 1

• The process of putting new info into memory

- Two types: Autonomic processing, Controlled (effortful) processing

Question 2

Types of Controlled (effortful) processing

Answer 2

Visual encoding
Acoustic encoding
Semantic encoding
Semantic encoding is stronger»_space; acoustic»_space; visual encoding

Question 3

Self-reference

Answer 3

a phenomenon in which we tend to recall info best when we can put it into the context of our own lives

Question 4

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 4

the repetition of a piece of info to either keep it w/in working memory or to store it in short-term and eventually long-term memory. Keeps info at the forefront of consciousness

Question 5

Mnemonics

Answer 5

acronyms or rhyming phrases that provide a vivid organization of the info we are trying to remember
Two Types: Method of Loci, Peg-word

Question 6

Method of loci

Answer 6

Associating each item in the list w/ a location along a route through a building that has already been memorized

Question 7

Peg-word

Answer 7

Associate numbers w/ items that rhyme w/ or resemble the numbers

Question 8

Chunking (aka clustering)

Answer 8

Memory trick that involves taking individual elements of a large list and grouping them together into groups of elements w/ related meaning

Question 9

Sensory memory

Answer 9

• Consists of iconic (visual) and echoic (auditory) memory
• Last only short period of time, but w/in that time our eyes and ears take in an incredibly detailed representation of our surroundings that we can recall w/ amazing precision
• Maintained by the major projection areas of each sensory sys; the occipital lobe (vision) and temporal lobe (hearing)
• Fades quickly and unless the info is attended to it will be lost

Question 10

Short-term memory

Answer 10

• Fades quickly, aprox 30 seconds w/out rehearsal.
• Limited in capacity to approx 7 items, 7 ± 2 rule
• Housed primarily in the hippocampus

Question 11

Working memory

Answer 11

• requires short-term memory, attention, and executive function to manipulate information
• Allows us to have a few pieces of info in our consciousness and simultaneously manipulate that info

Question 12

Long-term memory

Answer 12

• requires elaborative rehearsal
• Controlled primarily by the hippocampus but can be moved to the cerebral cortex
• Two types: Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) memory and Explicit (declarative) memory

Question 13

Implicit (nondeclarative or procedural) memory

Answer 13

stores skills and conditioning effects.

Question 14

Explicit (declarative) memory

Answer 14

• consists of those memories that require conscious recall.

- Can be divided into: Semantic memory and Episodic memory

Question 15

Retrieval

Answer 15

The process of demonstrating that something that has even learned has been retained

Question 16

The 3 forms of Retrieval

Answer 16

• Recall
• Recognition
• Relearning

Question 17

Spacing effect

Answer 17

• phenomenon dubbed by Ebbinghause in which the longer the amount of time btwn sessions of relearning, the greater the retention of the info later on
• Explains why cramming is not as effective as spacing out studying over an extended period of time

Question 18

Spreading activation

Answer 18

process where when one node of our semantic network is activated, the other linked concepts around it are also unconsciously activated

Question 19

Types of retrieval cues

Answer 19

• Priming
• Context effects
• State-dependent memory aka state-dependent effect
• Serial position effect

Question 20

Ways of Forgetting

Answer 20

• Brain disorders
• Decay
• Interference
• Aging and Memory

Question 21

Brain disorders

Answer 21

• Alzheimer’s disease
• Korsakoff’s syndrome
• Agnosia

Question 22

Prospective memory

Answer 22

emembering to perform a task at some point in the future, remains mostly intact in the elderly

Question 23

Misinformation effect

Answer 23

a phenomenon in which memories are altered by misleading info provided at the point of encoding or recall

Question 24

Source-Monitoring error -

Answer 24

• confusion btwn semantic and episodic memory: a person remembers the details of an event, but confuses the context under which those details were gained.
• Happens when a person hears a story of something that happened to someone else, and later recalls the story as having happened to him- or herself