1
Q
Q: What defines out-of-hospital care in cardiac arrest?
A
A: An unresponsive, pulseless person found outside medical facilities
2
Q
Q: What is the survival rate for cardiac events occurring outside the hospital in western countries?
A
A: 10% survival rate
3
Q
Q: How does bystander CPR affect out-of-hospital cardiac event survival rate?
A
A: Increases survival rate to 20%
4
Q
Q: What is cardiac arrest?
A
A: Unresponsiveness due to lack of cerebral blood flow, pulselessness, and apnea/gasping/agonal rhythm.
5
Q
Q: What are clinical signs of cardiac arrest?
A
A: Unresponsive, pulseless, apnea/gasping, agonal rhythm
6
Q
Q: What causes the unresponsiveness in cardiac arrest?
A
A: Lack of cerebral blood flow.
7
Q
Q: What are the two major categories of pulseless rhythms?
A
A: Shockable rhythms and non-shockable rhythms
8
Q
Q: What are examples of shockable rhythms in cardiac arrest?
A
A: Ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT).
9
Q
Q: What are examples of non-shockable rhythms in cardiac arrest?
A
A: Asystole and pulseless electrical activity (PEA).
10
Q
Q: How is ventricular fibrillation (VF) typically treated?
A
A: With cardioversion
11
Q
Q: How is ventricular tachycardia (VT) without pulse typically treated?
A
A: With cardioversion
12
Q
Q: Which rhythm is associated with more survival chances: shockable or non-shockable?
A
A: Shockable rhythms are associated with more survival chances
13
Q
Q: Which rhythm is associated with less survival chances: shockable or non-shockable?
A
A: Non-shockable rhythms are associated with less survival chances
14
Q
Q: What is the ECG feature of asystole?
A
A: A flat line on the ECG.
15
Q
Q: What is the ECG feature of pulseless electrical activity (PEA)?
A
A: Electrical activity on ECG without a pulse.
16
Q
Q: What condition shows a flat line on ECG?
A
A: Asystole
17
Q
Q: Which pulseless condition is treated with cardioversion?
A
A: Shockable rhythms: ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT)
18
Q
Q: What rhythm shows disorganized rapid electrical activity on ECG?
A
A: Ventricular fibrillation (VF).
19
Q
Q: What rhythm shows wide, abnormal QRS complexes at rapid rate on ECG?
A
A: Ventricular tachycardia (VT).
20
Q
Q: What rhythm shows organized electrical activity on ECG but no pulse?
A
A: Pulseless electrical activity (PEA)
21
Q
Q: Can shockable and non-shockable cardiac rhythms convert into one another?
A
A: Yes, both types are interconvertible; for example, VF can become asystole and vice
22
Q
Q: What is the first step when managing a collapsed patient?
A
A: Check for scene safety and move the patient to a smooth, flat surface
23
Q
Q: How should responsiveness be assessed in an unresponsive patient?
A
A: Tap on the patient’s shoulders to check for unresponsiveness.
24
Q
Q: What is the third step after checking for responsiveness in emergency management?
A
A: Call for help.
25
Q: After calling for help, what should be activated next in patient management?
A: Activate the emergency response (e.g., call 911 or hospital code).
26
Q: Where should a pulse be checked in a collapsed patient?
A: Check for a carotid pulse.
27
Q: What should be checked simultaneously with the carotid pulse in an unresponsive patient?
A: Check for breathing effort by feeling for breath and looking for rise and fall of the chest.
28
Q: When checking for breath in an unresponsive patient, what two things should you do?
A: Feel for the patient’s breath and look for rise and fall of the chest.
29
Q: Can ventricular fibrillation (VF) convert into asystole and vice versa?
A: Yes, both shockable and non-shockable rhythms are interconvertible.
30
Q: What is the first step after a person collapses in public?
A: Check for scene safety and move the patient to a smooth flat surface.
31
Q: What should you do to assess unresponsiveness in a collapsed person?
A: Tap on the shoulders to check for unresponsiveness.
32
Q: When encountering a collapsed patient, what step follows checking responsiveness?
A: Call for help.
33
Q: What should you activate after calling for help in a cardiac emergency?
A: Activate the emergency response system
34
Q: Which pulse should you check in a collapsed, unresponsive patient?
A: Check for a carotid pulse.
35
Q: When checking for breathing effort in an unresponsive patient, what should you observe and feel?
A: Feel the patient's breath and look for rise and fall of the chest
36
Q: Are shockable and non-shockable cardiac rhythms interconvertible?
A: Yes, both can convert into each other; VF may convert into asystole and vice versa.
37
Q: What is the first step when a patient collapses suddenly?
A: Check for scene safety and move the patient to a smooth flat surface.
38
Q: How do you check for unresponsiveness in a patient?
A: Tap on the patient’s shoulders.
39
Q: What should you do after checking for unresponsiveness?
A: Call for help.
40
Q: What response should be activated after calling for help in a collapse scenario?
A: Activate the emergency response
41
Q: Which pulse should be checked in an unresponsive patient?
A: Check for a carotid pulse.
42
Q: What should be checked simultaneously with the carotid pulse?
A: Check for breathing effort by feeling the breath and looking for rise and fall of the chest.
43
Q: What is the indication for CPR in a collapsed patient?
A: Absent pulse and absent respiration
44
Q: What is the recommended cycle duration for CPR in adults?
A: One cycle is 2 minutes.
45
Q: What is the recommended compression-to-breath ratio for CPR?
A: 30 compressions to 2 breaths
46
Q: When are rescue breaths indicated?
A: When pulse is present but respiration is absent
47
Q: What is the recommended rate for giving rescue breaths?
A: 10–12 breaths per minute or 1 breath every 6 seconds
48
Q: What is the management for a patient with pulse and respiration present but loss of consciousness?
A: Monitor the patient until emergency services arrive.
49
Q: When should AED pads be attached to the chest of a patient?
A: As soon as CPR is initiated
50
Q: How does an AED communicate rhythm type?
A: Verbally states whether the rhythm is shockable or non-shockable
51
Q: What type of shock is delivered by AEDs in shockable rhythms?
A: 200 Joules biphasic DC shock.
52
Q: After delivering an AED shock, what should be checked?
A: Pulse and respiration
53
Q: What energy and type of shock are AEDs programmed to deliver?
A: 200 Joules biphasic DC shock
54
Q: Where is the first AED pad placed?
A: Below the right infraclavicular region
55
Q: Where is the second AED pad placed?
A: Below the left nipple, going into the axilla
56
Q: At what rate should chest compressions be performed during CPR?
A: 100–120 compressions per minute.
57
Q: What is the recommended ratio of compressions to breaths in CPR?
A: 30 compressions to 2 rescue breaths
58
Q: How deep should the sternum be depressed during chest compressions?
A: 5 cm.
59
Q: Why is it important to allow recoil between chest compressions?
A: To ensure proper coronary blood flow
60
Q: Where should hands be placed when giving chest compressions?
A: On the lower third of the sternum.
61
Q: What can happen if hands are placed on the xiphisternum during compressions?
A: Risk of injury to the liver.
62
Q: What part of the body acts as the fulcrum during CPR compressions?
A: The hip joints
63
Q: How should elbows be positioned during chest compressions?
A: Straight and locked
64
Q: What is the consequence of flexing the elbows during compressions?
A: Causes use of back muscles and increases risk of rib fractures.
65
Q: Should chest compressions be stopped after a rib fracture during CPR?
A: No, chest compressions should not be stopped.
66
Q: How does leaning forward into the patient help during CPR?
A: The weight of the head, neck, and chest allows for 5 cm compressions
67
Q: What is the recommended CPR ratio for adults with 1–2 rescuers?
A: 30 compressions to 2 breaths (30:2)
68
Q: What is the recommended CPR ratio for pediatric patients with 1 rescuer?
A: 30 compressions to 2 breaths (30:2).
69
Q: What is the recommended CPR ratio for pediatric patients with 2 rescuers?
A: 15 compressions to 2 breaths (15:2).
70
Q: Which solid organ is most commonly injured during CPR?
A: The liver.
71
Q: Is the lung a solid organ?
A: No, the lung is not a solid organ.
72
Q: Which ribs are most commonly fractured during CPR?
A: 4th to 6th ribs
73
Q: What device is used for bag and mask ventilation?
A: AMBU bag
74
Q: How is airway patency ensured during ventilation?
A: Tilt the patient's head and lift the chin ("sniffing position").
75
Q: In Ambu bag use, how is the mask held for a tight fit?
A: Mask is held between thumb and index finger in a 'C' shape
76
Q: Where are the remaining fingers placed when using an Ambu bag?
A: On the lower border of the mandible/chin to enable chin lift
77
Q: Who manages airway during cardiac arrest resuscitation?
A: Doctor or staff member assigned to airway management.
78
Q: Who is responsible for IV line and sampling during resuscitation?
A: Doctor or nurse
79
Q: How many rescuers are typically assigned to chest compressions during resuscitation?
A: 2–3 rescuers.
80
Q: What is the primary role of the team leader in resuscitation?
A: Give clear instructions to all rescuers.
81
Q: What valvular lesions can lead to cardiac arrest?
A: Mitral stenosis and mitral regurgitation
82
Q: How do mitral stenosis and regurgitation contribute to cardiac arrest?
A: They cause left atrial dilation, leading to atrial fibrillation and stroke
83
Q: Which cardiomyopathies are risk factors for cardiac arrest?
A: Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy and Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
84
Q: What coronary condition is a major cause of cardiac arrest?
A: Coronary artery disease
85
Q: Which conduction and channelopathies can lead to cardiac arrest?
A: Bundle branch block (BBB), Brugada syndrome (SCN5A mutation), and Torsades de Pointes.
86
Q: What electrolyte imbalance is associated with cardiac arrest?
A: Hyperkalemia.
87
Q: Which toxins are linked to cardiac arrest risk?
A: Tricyclic antidepressants overdose
88
Q: What is the first step in the Adult BLS Algorithm?
A: Establish scene safety
89
Q: After establishing scene safety, what should be checked next?
A: Responsiveness of the patient.
90
Q: What should be done immediately after discovering an unresponsive patient?
A: Shout for help and activate the emergency response system.
91
Q: When should a defibrillator (AED) be obtained in the BLS algorithm?
A: As soon as possible after activating the emergency response system
92
Q: What two things should be simultaneously checked in an unresponsive patient?
A: Pulse and breathing (or only gasping/not breathing) for 10 seconds
93
Q: What should be done if the patient has a pulse and normal breathing?
A: Monitor until EMT or responder arrival
94
Q: What should be done if the patient has a pulse but is not breathing normally?
A: Give rescue breathing, 1 breath every 5–6 seconds.q
95
Q: How often should pulse be checked during rescue breathing?
A: Every 2 minutes
96
Q: What additional action is recommended if opioid overdose is suspected?
A: Deliver naloxone per protocol
97
Q: What should be done if the patient has no pulse and is not breathing or only gasping?
A: Initiate CPR: 30 compressions and 2 breaths, use AED immediately upon arrival.
98
Q: What does the arrival of a defibrillator (AED) prompt in the BLS algorithm?
A: Rhythm check and appropriate shock delivery.
99
Q: What should be done if the AED detects a non-shockable rhythm?
A: Immediately resume CPR for 2 minutes, rhythm check every 2 minutes, continue until ALS providers arrive or the victim moves
100
Q: What should be done if the AED detects a shockable rhythm?
A: Deliver a single shock, immediately resume CPR for 2 minutes, continue until ALS providers arrive or the victim moves
101
Q: What is the first step in Adult BLS?
A: Establish scene safety.
102
Q: After checking scene safety, what should be checked next?
A: Responsiveness.
103
Q: What should rescuers do after determining unresponsiveness?
A: Shout for help and activate emergency response system
104
Q: When should an AED be obtained in the BLS process?
A: As soon as possible after activating emergency response
105
Q: How long should rescuers check for pulse and breathing?
A: 10 seconds.
106
Q: What action should be taken if a patient has normal pulse and breathing?
A: Monitor until EMT/responder arrival.
107
Q: What should be done if a patient has pulse but abnormal breathing?
A: Give rescue breathing: 1 breath every 5–6 seconds
108
Q: How often should pulse be checked during rescue breathing?
A: Every 2 minutes.
109
Q: What should rescuers do if opioid overdose is suspected during rescue breathing?
A: Deliver naloxone per protocol
110
Q: What action should be taken if no pulse and not breathing or only gasping?
A: Initiate CPR: 30 compressions and 2 breaths, and use AED immediately on arrival.
111
Q: What is the next step after an AED arrives and CPR is underway?
A: Perform rhythm check with AED
112
Q: What is done for non-shockable rhythm on AED?
A: Resume CPR for 2 minutes and repeat rhythm checks every 2 minutes
113
Q: What is done for shockable rhythm on AED?
A: Deliver a single shock, then immediately resume CPR for 2 minutes.
114
Medicine - Prep
flashcards
Decks in class (37)
# Cards
-
1. Mitral Valve Prolapse54
-
2. Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)30
-
3. Heart Sounds 181
-
4. Heart sound 2137
-
5. Heart sounds 387
-
6. Mitral Valve Prolapse62
-
7. Mitral Regurgitation (MR)43
-
8. Aortic Stenosis58
-
9. Aortic Regurgitation87
-
10. Tricuspid stenosis old27
-
11. Tricuspid Regurgitation old80
-
12. Murmurs old110
-
13. Takotsubo Cardiomyopathy51
-
14. ECG & Arrhythmias 1219
-
15. ECG & Arrhythmias 2154
-
17. Ischemic Heart Disease390
-
21. Metabolic Syndrome X and Z26
-
22. Hypertension157
-
23. Diseases of the pericardium87
-
Med 3 - undergoing edit82
-
24. Congestive heart failure115
-
25. Bundle Branch Block74
-
26. Rheumatic Heart Disease36
-
33. BLS114
-
MED 1180
-
MED 1351
-
MED 14219
-
10. Tricuspid stenosis27
-
11. Tricuspid Regurgitation80
-
12. Murmurs110
-
29. Cardiomyopathies26
-
27. Infective Endocarditis183
-
26. Rheumatic Heart Disease95
-
30. Multifocal Atrial Tachycardia27
-
32. BLS42
-
33. Pulseless Electrical Activity61
-
34. ACLS48
