3.7 - the development gap

Question 1

definition of development

Answer 1

the improvement of quality of life of a countries population -

Question 2

quality of life meaning

Answer 2

the level of happiness, wellbeing or contentment resulting from a way of living - can be political, environmental, social, economical or demographical aspects

Question 3

main cause of the development gap

Answer 3

globalisation - increased development in some countries but increased the gap between rich and poor for lots

Question 4

the development gap can be seen in 2 cases

Answer 4

between countries e.g. Luxemburg had average incomes of 105k in 2015 and South Sudan only 220

within countries - Chinas coastal cities have incomes per capita of 10k but rural areas below 2k

Question 5

what do single and composite indicators mean in measuring levels of development and give 2 examples of each

Answer 5

single factors such as GDP and life expectancy measure one variable so they may not be comprehensive as it is not an accurate representation of development - composite is more than one variable such as HDI and GII

Question 6

how do different levels of development measurements vary

Answer 6

in validity (how relevant) - reliability (how accurate) - comprehensiveness (do they capture entirety)

Question 7

economic indicators qualify well being as what

Answer 7

qualify well being as real income

Question 8

income per capita (economic indicators) GNI per capita

Answer 8

mean income of a group of people - misleading as there could be inequalities - best single indicator as higher incomes are needed to raise Qol such as education and healthcare

Question 9

GNI - GDP - GNP

Answer 9

gross national income - gross domestic product - gross national product

Question 10

GNI (economic indicators) + GNI per capita

Answer 10

the total income earned by a nation’s residents and businesses, from BOTH DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN SOURCES - gnp discounted for depreciation as money value is lost through wear and tear of machinery - includes TNC profits and remittances sent home

Question 11

GDP (economic indicators) + GDP per capita

Answer 11

measures total output of goods and services produced over a year WITHIN BORDERS - per capita is gdp divided by pop

Question 12

GNP (economic indicators)

Answer 12

measures output produced by countries factors of production WHEREVER located - (final value of the goods and services after each stage of production has taken place)

Question 13

why is GNI per capita considered the best single economic indicator and its limitations

Answer 13

provides the most realistic picture of the average income of residents as it includes remittances and investment from abroad but excludes money made by foreigners that flows out - hides inequalities and only considers economic factors - however income can be linked with education and healthcare

Question 14

what is PPP GDP per capita

Answer 14

purchasing power parity considers cost of living also so has become a popular way of comparing economic development between countries

Question 15

advantage of a composite index rather than a single

Answer 15

gives a more holistic view

Question 16

HDI (human development index)

Answer 16

includes life expectancy at birth, expected and mean years of schooling and the GNI - score of 1 is highest - Norway has 0.949 in 2015

Question 17

why is the HDI holistic

Answer 17

shows the healthcare and education provision of a country along with the economy

Question 18

advantages of HDI

Answer 18

holistic
few rich people cannot distort life exp and mean years of schooling as much
countries that spend lots of money on military and other political reasons have a lower ranking as it diverts money away from edu and hea

Question 19

what is 1 weakness of using HDI as a measure of development

Answer 19

fails to measure the QUALITY of education

Question 20

what does the GII (gender inequality index) measure

Answer 20

measures female reproductive health (combining maternal mortality rates and adolescent mortality rates, participation in the workforce (percentage of woman of working age in labour force) and empowerment to measure gender based development (political representation in parlimant and access to higher education)

Question 21

how is the GII rated

Answer 21

0 being most equal and 1 most unequal

Question 22

what is good and bad about the GII

Answer 22

measures both economic and social development but validity is questioned through roles of men and women and social harmony

Question 23

environmental quality index

Answer 23

WHO air pollution levels, local so cant compare countries
air pollution is the introduction of harmful substances in the atmosphere e.g. SO2 and NOX, particulates. linked to asthma and lung cancer

Question 24

how does gini coefficient measure and what does it measure

Answer 24

measure of inequality - measures with a score of 0 being perfectly equal with 100% of the wealth being split equally across all residents

Question 25

example of a country with a good gini coefficient score and a country with a poor one

Answer 25

south africa - 0.62 in 2017 - iceland with 0.25 in 2017

Question 26

how can globalisation enhance inequality between countries

Answer 26

can enhance accumulation of wealth for the wealthy, TNC's and global elites, and not for the poor, who provide cheap labour, as they are 'switched off'

Question 27

evidence of inequality within countries

Answer 27

the world inequality report in 2018 shows that in the us the share of the national income the 1% own has risen from 14% in the 1980's to 20% in 2014

Question 28

2016 oxfam report

Answer 28

the wealth of the worlds richest 1% of people is eqivalant to the other 99% of people

Question 29

winners from inequality and the dev gap

Answer 29

1800 billionaires in 2016 - developed countries good at maintaining their wealth even with emerging economies like china rising middle class in asia such as factory workers and call centre people have experienced increased incomes poeple that work for TNC's in developed countries

Question 30

losers from inequality and the dev gap

Answer 30

isolated rural areas in asia and sub saharan place in africa where global connections are thin - workers in old industrial cities in developed countries have lost jobs - workers in sweatshop factories in developing countries (exploited) - slum dwellers in lagos and developing cities

Question 31

differential progress from globalisation

Answer 31

Sweden and China

Question 32

Swedens trends from globalisation

Answer 32

income per person has risen hugely, but its ecological footprint has not 8 hectares in both 1972 and 2012 - this suggests that economic development has not affected the quality of the environment and that environmental management has maintained water, air quality and biodiversity - swedens PPP has risen from 30k to 50k

Question 33

Chinas trends from globalisation

Answer 33

PPP risen from 3k to 15k in 15 years with an increase in ecological footprint of roughly 1 hectare pp in 1970 to 3 in 2012 - suggests economic development in china has a large impact on the environment - still half of swedens

Question 34

ecological footprint meaning

Answer 34

impact on the environment - how many resources are required from the environment