Edexcel A Level Geography > globalisation > Flashcards

globalisation Flashcards

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1
Q

name all types of flows

A

capital - commodities - migrants and tourists

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2
Q

what is free market liberalisation - government policy

A

removing the state in the economy allowing markets to act more freely

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3
Q

what is hoped from free market liberalisation

A

it is hoped that markets will be more efficient and the benefits will reach the poorest

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4
Q

what is privatisation - government policy

A

where state owned businesses or infastructure is sold to TNCs - the private sector

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5
Q

effect of privatisation

A

allows foreign investors to gain a share so can represent fdi (foreign direct investment) - reduces government spending and a one off payment is made to the government for selling

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6
Q

what is subsidies - government policy

A

financial support offered by the government to set up in a particular area to encourage fdi into a region or country

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7
Q

encouraging business start ups - government policy

A

can accelerate globalisation - such as offereing low tax rates - insatlling high quality infastructure like broadband - subsidies

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8
Q

what is an IGO

A

intergovernmental organisation like the world bank offer free trade policies to encourage fdi and to accelerate globalisation - these orgs have been working to remove tariffs and quotas

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9
Q

why is fdi a good thing

A

infrastructure development - tech transfer - economic growth

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10
Q

what is bretton woods

A

post war and started orgs - world bank - WTO - IMF

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11
Q

what countries are in BRICS

A

brazil - russia - india - china - south africa

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12
Q

BRICS significance

A

opposes the Bretton Woods orgs as they set up their own orgs and gain global influence such as the china development bank and the new development bank to rival the world bank

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13
Q

New Development Bank

A

gave away 1.5 bil to member countries for mostly investments in renewable energy - china is particularly involved with countries in Africa such as Kenya

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14
Q

what word should be used in explain q

A

because

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15
Q

The AT Kearney Index

A

uses 4 main indicators to publish a globalisation index - political engagement - technological connectivity - personal contact and economic integration - looks at web servers so considered more holistic than the KOF index

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16
Q

KOF index

A

calculated annually following three main aspects - economic, social and political globalisation - some indicators are valued more than others like fdi

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17
Q

indicators of globalisation

A

human flow of migrants - members of igos - memberships of trade blocs - trade flows of fdi

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18
Q

offshoring

A

where TNC’s move part of their production to a different country - usually a less developed country for more relaxed labour and land laws

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19
Q

outsourcing

A

where a TNC gives a contract to another company to complete part of their work - for cheaper labour - most tncs outsource their production and attach their branding

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20
Q

risks of outsourcing

A

loses direct control over production of goods

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21
Q

example of outsourcing

A

BT outsource call centres to india for cheaper labour - large english speaking population in india

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22
Q

how do TNC’s benefit globalisation

A

TNCs help globalisation to spread through their global production networks or global supply chains.

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23
Q

glocalisation

A

TNC’s use this to help spread globalisation - adapt products to the needs of local consumers - e.g. different menus in different countries like beef isnt eaten in india so their are veggie mcdonalds options

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24
Q

glocalisation reflecting the laws of a country

A

right hand drive cars in the uk and left in germany

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25
development of new markets
TNC's use this to benefit from glocalisation - as countries develop, there are higher incomes, this means tncs can access new markets and sell their products in these countries
26
economic liberalisation
TNC's make advantage of this. they make sure to offshore and outsource to maximise profits whilst minimising the cost of producing the goods.
27
how has the flow of people increased globalisation
filling labour gaps advancements in technology
28
what does sustainability mean
meeting the needs of the current generation without compromising the future generations, focusing on environmental, social and economic balance
29
simple def of globalisation
increasing interconnectedness and increasing interdependence
30
State TWO ways in which modern technologies have reduced the time it takes for countries to become developed.
digital tech provides info and knowledge, crucial for development e commerce increases businesses efficiency
31
what is given a heacy weighting in the KOF index
trade flows of FDI
32
what else do TNC's bring
expertise - for example when iran tries to nationalise their oil production they did not have enough skilled workers
33
how have TNC's interfered with politics
mohammed Mossadegh was overthrown by a british coup - shah means king - the shah sold a concession to a british company allowing the country to develop and refine the iranian oil.
34
what does nationalise mean
taking a business or industry from privately owned to being owned by the state
35
which oil company produces saudia arabias oil
aramco
36
why are some places switched off from globalisation - (political reasons)
a country may be run by a dictator that decides to exclude the country from the global economy - or may be a high presence of organised crime or terrorist groups, which can reduce FDI and lead it to being switched off.
37
why are some places 'switched off' from globalisation - (economic reasons)
countries may be excluded from trade blocs or disadvantaged by trade rules - high levels of debt can lead to less investment in infrastructure and other countries may not invest
38
why are some places 'switched off' from globalisation - (environmental reasons)
a country may lack energy resources to manufacture and trade - dutch disease
39
why are some places 'switched off' from globalisation - (physical reasons)
if a country is landlocked so has no access to a port, global trade is difficult - exports can also be limited if the climate is harsh so minimal crops are grown
40
why are some places 'switched off' from globalisation - (social reasons)
a country or region may have an un educated population, this will lead to TNC's not setting up there, resulting in the area being switched off - if there isnt enough skilled labour, TNC's may not invest
41
explain dutch disease
where the exports become uncompetitive because their exchange rates have appreciated too much
42
North Korea as an example of an area that is 'switched off'
politcal reasons - communist dictatorship meaning the family has total control - people can not use the internet or benefit from abroad cheap goods
43
Sahel region as an area switched off
because of physical and environmental reasons - region of north africa including mali and niger - severe water scarcity - conditions for agriculture is bad so little crops for exports - sahel region includes landlocked countries such as mali and niger that have no access to ports meaning they are switched off from global trade flows
44
global shift
movement of manafacturing and the outsourcing of services from the west to the east
45
main driver of global shift
labour costs
46
what country has the most possibility from global shift
china - may become the largest economy - has caused urbanisation as people are moving away from agriculture to higher paying jobs in cities
47
global shift of services to India
with a large educated and English speaking population india has seen many TNC's outsource their call centres and other services here - estimated 150 billion USD to India's economy from outsourcing of industry
48
example of outsourcing to india
BT did this to benefit from lower labour costs - employed 2,200 people
49
china has become the 'workshop of the world'
tncs keep costs low - increased chinas gdp has their exports have increased - chinas economy grew 9.4 percent per year from 78 to 2012
50
negative effects of global shift (land)
caused the loss of productive land - predicted that in 2014 40 percent of chinas farmland was degraded because of pollution and increased building
51
negative effects of global shift (settlements)
as more people move to cities squatter settlements and slums grow - these areas tend to have a low quality of life
52
negative effects of global shift (pollution)
resource pressure - resources are also needed to power factories and manufacturing plants which cause major pollution, damaging the environment
53
pollution in China
in 2013 china experienced 20x the recommended pollution levels, advising people to stay indoors - 85 percent of rivers in shanghai were undrinkable in 2015
54
karachi slums
meagacity growing at 5 percent annually - 50 percent of the pop live in slums - orangi town is asias largest slum with 2.4 million people
55
what are elite migrants
wealthy migrants welcomed to a country due to the investment and capital they bring
56
benefits of elite migrants
boosts fdi - 82 percent of property deals in london were due to foreign buyers - increases interdepence between regions - russian elite migrants increases interdepence between uk and russia (oligarchs to London)
57
elite migrants fill in skill gaps
highly skilled people migrate to work in a particular industry e.g. doctors come to the uk to work for the NHS
58
problem with elite migrants leaving their country to go to another one
can create a skill gap in the source country
59
low wage economic migration (benefits for host country)
cheap labour can be used to develop infrastructure - e.g. foreign migrants make up 80 percent of the construction workforce in dubai
60
low wage economic migration (impact on source country)
remittances can benefit a source country - skills gap may be created in the source country - interdependence between source and host country
61
what is a remittance
money sent by migrants to their family in their home country
62
what are most major environmental problems caused by in the developing world
global shift
63
air and water pollution in the developing world caused by global shift
beijing in 2013 had the air pollution levels that were 20 times higher than the WHO over a 24 hour period air pollution causes asthma
64
unplanned settlements
like slums and favellas often have terrible health conditions - hygiene is poor, little running water or none
65
working conditions
can be damaging to health
66
land degregation caused by global shift
in 2014 40 percent of chinas farmnland was degraded because of pollution and increased building - land can become infertile
67
resource exploitation due to global shift
makes it unsustainable - extracte opil, gas and coal causes damage to the environment
68
loss of biodiversity caused by global shift
growth of manufacturing leads to deforestation and pollution - the number of plant and animal species in the area drops
69
how has the environment been affected by global shift
loss of biodiversity - land degradation - resource exploitation
70
how have people health been affected by global shift
water and air pollution - working conditions - unplanned settlements
71
positive impact of global shift on developing nations
infrastructure - employement - education
72
infrastructure
like international airports and high speed railway networks like the one in china with 22k km
73
employement and wages
previously worked as low waged farmers but now have higher paying jobs, reducing poverty
74
education
new skills and education with the investment from TNC's - in asia especially the increase in income means the government has more to spend on education
75
de industrialisation on developing nations
spiral of decline
76
spiral of decline
when the population decreases as unemployment is high - leaving buildings and houses derelict - lack of jobs could mean a rise in crime rate - businesses may also leave the area
77
leap frogging
bypassing intermediate stages of development and quickly advancing to more advanced tech
78
effect of remocing tarrifs in trade blocs
tarriffs are taxes on good imported and exported - removal of traffis should improve the flow of goods and services between countries, bossting economic growth - should allow tncs to sell their products to a larger market
79
ways to mesure globalisation
KOF index - AT kearney index - human flow of migrants
80
what do TNC's take advantage of
economic liberalisation - removal of trade barriers means they can earn more profit and increase their market share
Edexcel A Level Geography
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