What are the two general types of idghaam?
Kabeer (big) and sagheer (small)
What is idghaam kabeer?
Big merging, when two vowelled letters join together
What are the 5 examples of idghaam kabeer?
See screenshot starred pic
When a dhammah merges into a fatha, what are the two ways to express the dhammah still?
- Ishmaam- read the double nooned fathah with a rounded mouth (visually pointing to the dhammah) (easiest)
- Ikhtilaas- quickly bring the two vowels out (by quickly articulating the dhammah for 2/3 of the vowel)
What is idghaam sagheer?
Small merging, when two letters merge, where the first letter is non-vowelled and the second letter is vowelled
All shaddah’s are like this
What is idhaar mutlaq?
Absolutely clarity, when the first letter is vowelled and the second letter is non-vowelled there is no merging whatsoever
What three relationships can the idghaam letters have with each other?
- mutamaathilaan (two that are identical)
-mutajaanisaan (two that are of the same genus)
-mutaqaaribaan (two that are are close)
What is idghaam mutamaathilaan?
Idghaam between two identical letters (same makhraj and sifaat) either in one word or between two words
What is the exception to idghaam mutamaathilaan?
There is no idghaam if the first letter has a madd and the second is vowelled
What is idghaam mutajaanisaan?
Idghaam between two letters within one word or between two words that share the same makhraj but have different qualities (sifaat)
Usually idh’har is wajib except in 6 instances where idghaam kaamil (complete merging) must occur and 1 instance of idghaam Naqis (incomplete merging)
What are the examples of idghaam mutajaanisaan; idghaam kaamil and naqis?
see starred screenshot photo
What is idghaam mutaqaaribaan?
Idghaam when two letters are close to each other (similar makhraj and/or sifaat)
When is idghaam mutaqaaribaan used?
5+1+1+13 instances
The first 5 are idghaam of noon saakinah into yaa, raa, meem, laam, waw
The sixth is in Surat al mursalaat between the qaaf and kaaf (sagheer) نَخْلُقْکُم
Completely (kaaf is doubled) or incompletely (isti’laa of qaaf is kept while saying the kaaf)
Seventh instance is when a raa comes after a laam (sagheer)
The other 13 instances are between the laam of the definite article ال and one of the 13 shamsi letters (only one missing is ل)
Between which letter strength does a complete merge (idghaam kaamil) and incomplete merge (idghaam naaqis) occur?
- idghaam kaamil occurs when the first letter is weaker or equal to strength than the second letter so the first letter loses it’s exit point and qualities as it merges into the second letter
- Idghaam naaqis is when the first letter strength is stronger than the second letter so some qualities of the first letter remain during the merge into the second letter
