ADI (WHO): 0.3mg/kg of bwt (estimated consumption: 0.015mg/kg bwt (5%) based on maximum permitted levels
(after dose unlikely)
glycoprotein (78 kd) found naturally (10-15) in milk and other dairy products
1) lactoferin
example of bacteriosin
gram negative or positive are pathogens
WE CAN IMPORT SPRAYED CARCASSES EVEN THOUGH NOT ALLOWED TO BE DONE IN CANADA
has antioxydants properties and is reported to promote cell growth (cosmetic line in Japan; FDA approval sought in USA)
group of BACTERIOCIN that are active agaisnt listeria monocytogenes
approved(2010 in canada)
- c
- The Future
2) HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells)
) HAMLET (human α-lactalbumin made lethal to tumor cells)- beats up the cell wall so that the antibiotic work better- can be more sensitive
- human milk-protein lipid complex (isolated from human breast milk; α- lactalbumin + oleic acid complex strong interaction with the cytoplasmic cell wall increases sensitivity to antimicrobial agents) - broad spectrum antimicrobial activity (answer to “resistant strain” concerns?)-> as an antimicrobial adjuvant (treatment of MRSA [methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus] strains - drug or food additive or both?
The Future
3) Antimicrobials from:
Plants (herbs/spices; essential oils’): oregano (carvacrol), rosemary, thyme( - thymol), cinnamon, etc. phenolics, terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes (e.g. carvacrol, citral, eugenol and thymol) (antimycotic, Gram +ve and -ve activities)
?- efficacy, safety, concentration , ease of use , colour/flavor, purity, cost
- The Future
3) Antimicrobials from:
Animals:
Animals:
(a) Chitosan : polysaccharide isolated from the exoskeleton of arthropods (mainly crabs and shrimps) broad spectrum antimicrobial activity (hydrolysate) (2nd more abundant thing on the planet)
(b) Lysozyme : protein (14.3 kDa) isolated from egg white (Inovapure™) active against Gram +ve pathogens (Listeria and Bacillus cereus) pH activity range of 6.0-9.0 (foods?) but has good temperature stability (100 oC/1 hour). Approved for use in cheese in Canada (GMP) and in wine and cheese (EU).
used in animal feed (pigs to reduce the amount of antibiotics they need)
Mechanism of action for both: cytoplasmic wall destruction
Chitosan: not approved for food use in canda
lysozymeL has gras status
- The Future
4) Antimicrobial Peptides/ cationic antimicrobial peptides [CAPS]
- produced from protein isolates (e.g. soy, whey, wheat, fish waste) via protease treatment >2785 have been identified (2017)
- broad spectrum antimicrobial activity (bacteria, fungi, moulds, viruses)
- drugs or food additives or both?
gram + ( eg staphylococcus, listeria , clostridium) and gram – (eg. E coli) bacteria : cell wall is negatively charged (n-acetylmuric acid for bother + teichoic acids for gram + )-> 12-50 aa size; amphiphilic, cationic(how strong is the charge), flexible (alpha-helix structure-> best -> bind to create pores in cellular membranes
what does the future hold: intelligent/smart packaging!!!!!
based on chemical compund respond (typically colour) to changes in: pressure, temperature ph, o2/co2 electrochemical, moisture, specific analytes, others
ex: colour change on apples- red: crisp orange: juicy
ex: thermochromic process (liquid crystals put in the lid and change structure with heat- lid changes colour- red hot- brown cold)
not consumer driven; cost reliability (dollar per unit) ; stability; liability issues-> flase positive/negatives (eat even though its bad but package doesnt say), leakage into foods (contamination, stc.
