Final FA review > 4/1 micro > Flashcards

4/1 micro Flashcards

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1
Q

Giardia lamblia

-how does it cause steattorhea?

A
  • inflammation and villous atrophy of the small bowel/gut.
  • adheres to intestinal brush border and releases molecules that induce a mucosal inflammatory response.
  • causes injury to duodenal and jejunal mucosa.
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2
Q

Giardia lamblia

  • major immune response against it?
  • which pts at inc. risk?
A
  • CD4 & IgA

- Bruton’s agamma, CVID, & IgA deficient pts

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3
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

-what can it cause?

A
  • bloody diarrhea, liver abscess (“anchovy paste”exudate)

- RUQ pain (histology shows flask-shaped ulcer if submucosal abscess of colon ruptures).

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4
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Dx:

  • what will biopsy show?
  • what will stool show?
A
  • biopsy: trophozoites (with RBCs in the cytoplasm).
  • stool: cysts (with up to 4 nuclei).

*also serology

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5
Q

Entamoeba histolytica: Tx

  • for symptomatic pts:
  • for asymptomatic cyst passers:
A
  • Metronidazole

- iodoquinol for asymptomatic cyst passers.

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6
Q

Cryptosporidium

-how does it stain?

A

acid fast

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7
Q

Cryptosporidium

-Tx:

A
  • Prevention (by filtering city water supplies)

- nitazoxanide in immunocompetent hosts.

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8
Q

nitazoxanide

-used for what?

A

To treat Cryptosporidium in immunocompromised hosts.

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9
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis

  • classic triad:
  • mnemonic:
A
  • CHIC

- Chorioretinitis, Hydrocephalus, Intracraniel Calcification.

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10
Q

Choroid of eye

-what is it?

A

The vascular layer of the eye, containing connective tissue, and lying between the retina and the sclera.

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11
Q

toxoplasmosis

-how to Dx?

A

-Serology, biopsy (tachyzoite).

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12
Q

toxoplasmosis

-Tx:

A

Sulfadiazine + pyrimethamine

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13
Q

Congenital toxoplasmosis

-how will baby present?

A

-pregnant pts, baby can have hydrocephaly, progressive blindness. Also, baby can be born asymptomatic but by their late teenage years, can start to lose vision.

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14
Q

Cryptosporidium & T. gondii

-what is our defense against them?

A

They’re intracellular, so CD8.

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15
Q

Naegleria fowleri

  • Dx:
  • Tx:
A
  • Amoebas in spinal fluid.

- Amphotericin B - although most pts die.

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16
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

-what does it cause?

A

African sleeping sickness: enlarged lymph nodes, recurring fever (due to antigenic variation), somnolence, coma.

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17
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

  • transmission?
  • how is its vector different than chagas?
A
  • Tsetse fly, a painful bite.

- Chagas caused by reduvid bug = painless bite.

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18
Q

Trypanosoma brucei

  • Tx:
  • menmonic:
A

“it SURe is nice to go to sleep”; MELAtonin helps w/ sleep”.

  • SURamin for blood-borne disease.
  • MELArsoprol for CNS penetration
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19
Q

P. vivax/ovale

  • fever pattern? aka?
  • Tx for dormant form?
A
  • 48 hrs = tertian.
  • dormant form (hypnozoite) in liver = give primaquine.

*test for G6PD def. before starting primaquine.

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20
Q

P. falciparum

  • fever pattern?
  • besides fevers, what can it cause?
A
  • irregular fever pattern.

- parasitized RBCs occlude capillaries in brain (cerebral malaria), kidneys, lungs.

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21
Q

P. malariae

-fever pattern? aka?

A

-72-hr cycle (quartan).

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22
Q

Malaria

-Dx:

A

Blood smear:

  • trophozoite ring form within RBC.
  • schizont containing merozoites.
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23
Q

chloroquine

-how does it treat malaria?

A

Blocks Plasmodium heme polymerase.

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24
Q

Malaria

  • 1st line Tx:
  • what if their resistant to first line:
A
  • begin with chloroquine.

- if resistant, use mefloquine or atovaquone/proguanil.

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25
Malaria | -if life threatening: treat w/what?
-use IV quinidine (test for G6PD deficiency).
26
Vivax/ovale | -what do you have to add to the Tx?
-add primaquine for hypnozoite (test for G6PD deficiency).
27
Babesia | -what will blood smear show?
Blood smear, ring form, “Maltese cross”.
28
Babesia | -Tx:
Atovaquone + azithromycin.
29
Babesia | -mnemonic:
Tetrad = think meiosis = think baby = think babesiosis Babies are carried in mother = think of coinfection w/Borrelia -I want an AA baby = atovaquone + azithromycin
30
Trypanosoma cruzi | -mnemonic:
Tom Cruise (Cruzi) is a huge ass (megacolon), who is pretty hard to swallow (megaesophagus/achalasia), but he has a big heart (dilated cardiomyopathy) and he knows how to kiss red lips" (transmitted by Reduvid bug, aka kissing bug).
31
Chagas disease: - which bug? - what does it cause?
- trypanosoma cruzi | - dilated cardiomyopathy, megacolon, megaesophagus/achalasia; predominantly in South America.
32
Chagas diease - common early sign? - what type of heart condition can it cause?
- periorbital swelling = common early sign of chagas. | - dilated cardiomyopathy
33
Chagas diease | -Tx:
Tom cruise drives a "benz" and gets Nifer botOX. | -Benznidazole or nifurtimox.
34
Leishmania donovani - Sxs: - mnemonic:
- donovan frankenreiter -> big drinker, big liver and spleen. - spiking fevers, pancytopenia.
35
Leishmania donovani - Tx: - mnemonic:
-donovan gets a lot of ASS = Amphotericin b, Sodium Stibogluc.
36
Leishmania donovani - vector: - mnemonic:
-donovan lives on beach = sand = sandfly
37
Leishmania donovani | -what two forms of disease can it cause?
- Visceral infection - MASSIVE splenomegaly. | - Cutaneous infection: ulcerating skin sore at site of the bite. Most will heal spontaneously over a year.
38
Trichomonas vaginalis - vaginitis or vaginosis? - color of discharge? - itching/burning?
- vaginitis - greenish discharge - yes
39
Trichomonas vaginalis - how is the cervix described? - Tx:
- Strawberry cervix. | - Metronidazole for patient and partner (prophylaxis).
40
Intestinal Nematode - aka? - mnemonic?
- Intestinal roundworms | - nematodes are NASA-E (nasty).
41
Intestinal Nematodes - name them - mnemonic
- nematodes are NASA-E (nasty). - Necator americanus - Ancylostoma duodenate - Strongyloides stercoralis - Ascaris lumbricoides - Enterobius vermicularis
42
Intestinal Nematodes - Tx? mnemonic? - exception?
Worms BEND, BEND them enough and they break(die). Bendazoles + pyrantel pamoate -except strongyloides = ivermectin.
43
Tissue nematodes - aka? - mnemonic?
- tissue roundworms | - TOWL
44
Tissue nematodes - name them - mnemonic
TOWL - toxocara canis - onchocerca volvulus - wucheria bancrofti - Loa Loa
45
Cestodes - aka? - menmonic?
- tapeworms | - TED's tape
46
Cestodes - name them - mnemonic
TED's tape - Taenia saginatum/solium - Echinococcus graunlosis - Diphyllobothrium latum
47
Cestodes + trematodes - Tx? - exception:
- praziquantel | - except echinococcus granulosis = albendazole.
48
Trematodes - aka? aka? - mnemonic?
- flukes = flatworms | - SS fluke
49
Trematodes - name them - mnemonic
SS fluke - schistosoma - clonorchis sinensis
50
Enterobius vermicularis - aka? - menmonic: - Tx:
- pinworm - verm = worm, aris = anus. - the scotch tape worm. - Tx: bendazole or pyrantel pamoate.
51
Ascaris lumbricoides - aka - connection w/intermitten RUQ pain? - Tx:
- giant roundworm - can invade biliary tree & lead to brown pigment stones. - Tx: bendazole or pyrantel pamoate.
52
Strongyloides stercoralis - transmission? - what kind of pain can it cause? - Tx:
- Larvae in soil penetrate the skin. - PUD-like epigastric pain. - Tx: ivermectin or albendazole. - can also cause pneumonia during their path to the intestines.
53
How do larvae that penetrate your skin make it to your GI tract?
- Infectious (filariform) larvae penetrate the skin of feet, enter bloodstream, & transported to lungs. The larvae enter alveoli & ascend toward trachea, causing respiratory tract inflammation (can manifest as pneumonia). - Larvae pass from the trachea to pharynx, & when swallowed the larvae mature into adults in s. intestines to attach to the mucosa. - Initially causes gastroenteritis, but secretion of anticoagulant and consumption of blood results in anemia. - Adults mate in the lumen of the intestine, allowing eggs to be shed in the feces.
54
immune response against invasive helminths?
Eonsinophils
55
Invasive intestinal helminths: | -what kind of immune response?
- invasive ones = strongyloides, ancylostoma, necator. | - eosinophillic response.
56
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus - aka? - transmission? - main Sx?
- hookworms - Larvae penetrate skin. - microcytic anemia, they suck your blood. - can also cause pneumonia during their path to the intestines.
57
Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus | -Tx:
-bendazoles or pyrantel pamoate.
58
Onchocerca volvulus - what class? - transmission? - mnemonic?
- tissue nematode - Female blackfly bite - "ochocinco" is black = blackfly bite, black skin nodules, “black sight”. He does NOT swim in the river!
59
Onchocerca volvulus - Tx: - mnemonic:
-Ivermectin (ivermectin for river blindness).
60
river blindness | -cause?
Onchocerca volvulus
61
Loa loa - what class? - transmission?
- tissue nematode. | - Deer fly, horse fly, mango fly.
62
Loa loa | -what it cause?
Swelling in skin, worm in conjunctiva. | -does NOT cause blindness.
63
Onchocerca volvulus vs Loa loa | -which one can cause blindness?
Onchocerca volvulus.
64
Loa loa & Wuchereria bancrofti | -Tx:
Diethylcarbamazine
65
Diethylcarbamazine | -what is it?
Tx for Loa loa & Wuchereria bancrofti.
66
Nematodes - Ingested: - mnemonic:
You’ll get sick if you EAT these! | -Enterobius, Ascaris, Toxocara
67
Nematodes | -cutaneous:
These get into your feet from the SANd. | -Strongyloides, Ancylostoma, Necator.
68
Nematodes | -Bite:
Lay LOW to avoid getting bitten. | -Loa loa, Onchocerca volvulus, Wuchereria bancrofti.
69
Taenia solium - what class? - aka?
- Tapeworm = cestode | - pork tapeworm.
70
Taenia solium - What do you consume to become definitive host? - what do you consume to become intermediate host?
- larvae from pork => definitive host. | - eggs from fecal-oral => intermediate.
71
Taenia solium: - definitive host => which Sxs - intermediate host => which Sxs
- definitive host => intestinal infection + poop out eggs. | - intermediate host => cysticercosis/neurocysticercosis.
72
Taenia solium - Tx for intestinal infection: - Tx for neurocysticercosis:
- praziquantel for intestinal | - albendazole for neurocysticercosis
73
Diphyllobothrium latum - what class? - aka?
- cestode = tapeworm. | - fish tapeworm.
74
Diphyllobothrium latum | -transmission?
Ingestion of larvae from raw freshwater fish.
75
Diphyllobothrium latum - what it cause? - Tx:
-Vitamin B12 deficiency (tapeworm competes for B12 in intestine) => megaloblastic anemia. -praziquantel.
76
Echinococcus granulosus - whats the definitive host? - whats the intermediate host?
- Definitive host = dog | - Intermediate hosts = sheep & human.
77
Eat larvae you become which type of host?
definitive host | -larvae can mature into adults.
78
Eat eggs you become which type of host?
intermediate host | -eggs can hatch into larvae, but larvae can not mature into adults.
79
Echinococcus granulosus - what class? - how do you get it? - will you be definitive or intermediate host?
- cestodes = tapeworm - Ingestion of eggs from dog feces. - intermediate host.
80
Echinococcus granulosus - Sxs: - Tx:
-Hydatid cysts in liver, causing anaphylaxis if antigens released (surgeons preinject with ethanol to kill cysts before removal). -albendazole.
81
trematode | -aka? aka?
-fluke, flatworm.
82
Cestodes | -what do you usually find in stool?
Find proglottids in stool.
83
Trematodes | -what do you usually find in stool?
Eggs
84
Schistosoma - what class? - what is the host? - transmission?
- trematode = fluke = flatworm. - snails = intermediate host. - cercariae penetrate skin of humans.
85
Schistosoma | -what does it cause?
-Liver and spleen granulomas, fibrosis, and inflammation. *Chronic infection with S. haematobium can lead to SCC of the bladder (painless hematuria).
86
Schistosoma | -which species can lead to which type of cancer?
Chronic infection with S. haematobium can lead to SCC of the bladder (painless hematuria). *HEMAtobium can cause painless HEMAturia.
87
Schistosoma manSoni vs hemaTobium | -difference in appearance?
- mansoni has a sub-terminal spine. | - hematobium has a terminal spine.
88
Schistosoma | -how to Dx?
Find eggs in stool.
89
Clonorchis sinensis - what class? - aka? - how do you get it?
- Trematode = fluke = flatworm. - Chinese Liver fluke. - Undercooked fish *dont confuse w/ochocirca thats River blindness.
90
Clonorchis sinensis | -mnemonic:
-Clo = "Col" = cholangiocarcinoma. SIN = one of seven deadly sins is gluttony, and you need a gallbladder to digest all that fat.
91
Clonorchis sinensis | -what can it cause?
- Biliary tract inflammation =>Ž pigmented gallstones. | - Associated with cholangiocarcinoma.
92
Clonorchis sinensis | -how does it cause brown pigment stones?
Can invade biliary tree & lead to inc. in beta-glucoronidase which unconjugates bili = brown pigment stones.
93
Clonorchis sinensis | -whats unique about its egg?
The egg has an operculum aka a lid.
94
Clonorchis sinensis | -Tx:
praziquantel.
95
Which helminths can cause microcytic anemia?
- Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus | (hookworms) .
96
How do naked viruses exit their host cell?
They lyse the cell. If they blebbed off, then they would be enveloped.
97
What does "naked" virus mean? - does it have envelope? - does it have capsid?
- naked = no envelope (lipid bilayer). | - yes, it can still have a capsid.
98
What are the two types of capsids?
Icosahedral and helical.
99
Helical capsid viruses | -what do they all have in common?
There are no naked viruses w/a helical capsid. | -so all viruses w/helical capsules have envelopes.
100
If a virus is can get past the stomach acidity, what characteristic must it have?
Must be a naked virus! | -so by definition it can NOT have a helical capsid!
101
Viral capsids | -what are they made of?
Protein
102
Location of envelope w/relation to viral capsid:
the envelope is OUTSIDE of the capsid. | -makes sense b/c when a virus blebs off, takes envelope w/it, so envelope must be the outer most layer.
103
Recombination | -define:
Exchange of genes between 2 chromosomes by crossing over within regions of significant base sequence homology.
104
Reassortment | -happens in what kind of viruses?
Those w/segmented genomes: BOAReo | -bunya, orthomyxo, arena, reovirus.
105
Viral Complementation | -define:
When 1 of 2 viruses that infect the cell has a mutation that results in a nonfunctional protein. The nonmutated virus “complements” the mutated one by making a functional protein that serves both viruses.
106
Viral: Phenotypic mixing | -define:
-Occurs with simultaneous infection of a cell with 2 viruses. -Genome of virus A can be partially or completely coated (forming pseudovirion) with the surface proteins of virus B. -Type B protein coat determines the tropism (infectivity) of the hybrid virus. However, the progeny from this infection have a type A coat that is encoded by its type A genetic material.
107
Live attenuated vaccines - do you need boosters? - mnemonic?
``` -no booster needed. MIS SYC Live! M=MMR I=influenza (intranasal) S=Sabin polio S=smallpox Y=yellow fever C=chickenpox ```
108
Killed vaccines | -mnemonic?
RIP Always. - Rabies - Influenza (injected) - Salk Polio - HAV vaccines.
109
Infleunza vaccine | -which one is killed virus - injected or intranasal?
Injected = killed vaccine. | -you wouldn't want to inject a live attenuated (no real reason, just a mnemonic).
110
Recombinant vaccines: name them
- HBV (antigen = recombinant HBsAg) | - HPV (types 6, 11, 16, and 18).
111
DNA viruses | -all = linear, except these, which circular:
papilloma-, polyoma-, and hepadnaviruses.
112
Only dsRNA virus:
Reovirus (rotavirus)
113
Positive-stranded RNA viruses: | -mnemonic:
I went to a retro (retrovirus) toga (togavirus) party, where I drank flavored (flavivirus) Corona (coronavirus) and ate hippy (hepevirus) California (calicivirus) pickles (picornavirus).
114
Negative strand RNA virus | -what must it carry with it?
Is complementary to mRNAso needs to be converted to positive strand by RNA dep. RNA polymerase (they must carry gene for this b/c human cells dont have it).
115
Purified nucleic acids of most dsDNA and (+) strand ssRNA (≈ mRNA) viruses are infectious. -exceptions:
-except poxviruses and HBV.
116
Are purified nucleic acids of (-) sense RNA viruses infectious?
No | -they need the RNA-dep RNA pol. thats carried w/in the complete virion.
117
Viral replication: locations: - DNA viruses: - RNA viruses:
- DNA viruses = Replicate in the nucleus except poxvirus. | - RNA viruses = Replicate in the cytoplasm (except influenza virus and retroviruses).
118
Which DNA viruses do NOT replicate in the nucleus?
poxvirus | *carries own DNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
119
Which RNA viruses do NOT replicate in cytoplasm?
Influenza & retroviruses.
120
All enveloped viruses acquire their envelopes from plasma membrane of their host when they exit. -except:
-herpesviruses, which acquire envelopes from | nuclear membrane.
121
Naked viruses | -mnemonic:
Give PAPP smears and CPR to a naked Heppy - P = polyoma - A = adeno - P = papillo - P = parvo - C = calici - P = picorna - R = reo - HepE
122
DNA viruses | -mnemonic:
HHAPPPPy - Hepadna - Herpes - Adeno - Pox - Parvo - Papilloma - Polyoma
123
hepadnavirus =
Hep B
124
All DNA viruses have what type of capsid? | -except which one?
- All DNA = icosahedral | - except poxvirus (poxvirus was also the one that didnt replicate in nucleus).
125
Poxvirus | -how is it unique amongst the DNA viruses?
- does NOT replicate in nucleus. | - does NOT have icosahedral capsid.
126
How are viruses taken into cells?
They are endocytosed. | -they hook onto a surface receptor.
127
What protein allows herpesviridae to make multinucleated cells?
F protein.
128
common cause of spontaneous temporal lobe encephalitis? | -what will you see on imaging?
HSV-1 | -hemorrhagic lesions in temporal lobe.
129
HHV-6 - what family of viruses? - what disease does it cause?
- herpes virus | - roseola (exanthem subitum)
130
HHV-7 - what family of viruses? - what disease does it cause?
- herpes virus | - less common cause of roseola
131
Hepadnavirus - which hepatitis virus is this? - genome made of? - which unique enzyme does it have?
- hep B - Partially DS and circular - Not a retrovirus but has reverse transcriptase.
132
HepB lifecycle | -order of genome events
circular partially dsDNA => dsDNA => mRNA + circular, partial dsDNA
133
swimming pool conjuctivitis | -which virus?
adenovirus
134
Adenovirus | -what diseases can it cause?
- Febrile pharyngitis—sore throat - Acute hemorrhagic cystitis - Pneumonia - Conjunctivitis—“pink eye”
135
Parvovirus | -Sxs in adults/
- Sx in adults: much more serious but rare b/c we usually get it as kids. - Malaise, arthralgias, rash. These symptoms are caused by immune complex deposition aka TYPE 3 HSR.
136
Congenital B19 | -how does fetus die?
RBC destruction in fetus => hydrops fetalis.
137
Polyomavirus - which two viruses in this family? - mnemonic for what they cause:
"JC: Junky Cerebrum; BK: Bad Kidney" -JC virus—progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV. -BK virus—transplant patients, commonly targets kidney.
138
Smallpox | -will vesicles be in diff stages or all in the same stage?
-all in the same stage.
139
HSV-2 | -where do they go latent?
Sacral ganglia.
140
VZV | -will vesicles be in diff stages or all in the same stage?
Different stages.
141
Most common complication of shingles is:
post-herpetic neuralgia.
142
CMV | -virus goes latent where?
In mononuclear cells. | *EBV invades B cells.
143
CMV causes what type of pneumonia?
Interstitial pneumonia in almost all transplant pts from CMV.
144
CMV | -how is it transmitted?
-Transmitted congenitally and by transfusion, sexual contact, saliva, urine, transplant.
145
HHV-6 - what disease does it cause? - explain the disease: - aka?
Roseola: high fevers for several days that can cause seizures, followed by a diffuse macular rash G . - Transmitted by saliva. - aka exanthem subitum
146
Herpes HSV-1 encephalitis | -how to Dx?
CSF PCR for herpes encephalitis.
147
genital herpes | -how to Dx?
- Tzanck test—a smear of an opened skin vesicle to detect multinucleated giant cells. - Infected cells also have intranuclear Cowdry A inclusions.
148
Reoviruses - what viruses in this family? - whats special about reovirus genome?
- Coltivirusa—Colorado tick fever - Rotavirus—#1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children *dsRNA virus. segmented.
149
#1 cause of fatal diarrhea in children
Rotavirus (Reovirus).
150
Picornaviruses - which viruses in this family? - menmonic?
PERCH - Poliovirus - Echovirus—aseptic meningitis - Rhinovirus—“common cold” - Coxsackievirus - HAV
151
Coxsackievirus | -what diseases can it cause?
-aseptic meningitis; herpangina (mouth blisters, fever); hand, foot, and mouth disease; myocarditis; pericarditis.
152
Leading cause of non-bacterial gastroenteritis in USA
Calicivirus (norwalk virus) (norovirus)
153
Caliciviruses - which virus is in this family? - whats it cause? - what setting do people usually get it?
- Norovirus—viral gastroenteritis - aka norwalk virus - cruiseships!
154
Viral Gastroenteritis on cruiseship:
Norovirus = calicivirus | -aka norwalk virus
155
Flaviviruses | -which viruses does this encompass?
- HCV - Yellow fever - Dengue - St. Louis encephalitisa - West Nile virusa
156
Yellow fever | -Sxs:
-jaundice, GI hemmorhage w/black vomit.
157
- Most commonly Dx arbovirus in the US: | - Most common arbovirus worldwide:
- West Nile virus = US | - Dengue fever = worldwide
158
Rubella | -which virus family?
Togavirus
159
Retroviruses | -which viruses?
HTLV—T-cell leukemia | HIV—AIDS
160
Coronaviruses | -whats it cause?
Common cold & SARS.
161
Paramyxoviruses | -which viruses?
``` PaRaMyxovirus: Parainfluenza—croup RSV—bronchiolitis in babies; Rx—ribavirin Measles, Mumps *rubella = togavirus ```
162
RSV—bronchiolitis in babies | -Tx:
ribavirin
163
Bullet-shaped virus
rabies virus
164
Filoviruses | -which viruses
Ebola/Marburg hemorrhagic fever
165
Ebola | -which virus family?
Filovirus
166
Bunyaviruses | -most notable virus in this family?
Hantavirus—hemorrhagic fever, pneumonia
167
Picornaviru | -only non-enterovirus in this family?
rhinovirus
168
Yellow fever virus - transmitted by what? - which virus family? - Sxs:
- A flavivirus (also an arbovirus) transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. - high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice.
169
high fever, black vomitus, and jaundice. | -which virus?
Flavivirus => yellow fever virus.
170
Yellow fever - Liver enzymes profile? - what will you see histologically in liver?
- much higher AST than ALT. - AST = 900U/l and ALT = 350U/l - councilman bodies.
171
Acute diarrhea in the United States during winter, especially in day-care centers, kindergartens. -does it cause electrolyte imbalance?
Rotavirus | -Villous destruction with atrophy leads to dec.  absorption of Na+ and loss of K+.
172
Highly sensitive way to rule out asthma?
Methacholine challenge.
173
subperiosteal hematoma | -secondary to deficiency of what?
vitamin C.
174
Friedrich ataxia | -can lead to which heart condition?
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
175
Grey, subretinal membrane in old person losing vision. - what disease? - whats the Tx?
Age related macular degeneration. | -anti-VEGF.
176
Inulin - used to estimate what? - mnemonic:
GFR | -creatinine = inulin = GFR: CIG.
177
Spongiosis - definition: - seen in which diseases:
Epidermal accumulation of edematous fluid in intercellular spaces. -seen in eczematous dermatitis: all the diseases in this umbrella term.
178
Influenza - function of hemagglutinin: - function of neuraminidase:
- hemagglutinin = promotes viral entry. | - neuraminidase = promotes progeny virion release.
179
What kind of Abs and against what antigen give you immunity against influenza reinfection?
Circulating Abs against HA = immunity against reinfection from influenza. -IgG & IgA.
180
Antigenic shift only possible in which type of influenza? | -why?
- Type A influenza virus. | - bc type A can infect humans or animals.
181
Influenza pandemic caused by drift or shift?
- Shift = worse = pandemic. | - Drift = epidemic.
182
RNA pol doesn't have which capability?
RNA polymerase does NOT have proofreading capability!
183
Anastrozole - whats it do? - what other drug has same mech?
- aromatase inhibitor | - exemestane.
184
Filtration fraction: inc or dec in hypovolemia?
- inc. | - bc RPF drops more so than GFR.
185
pertechnetate study | -used to Dx what disease?
Finds gastric mucosa in meckels diverticulum.
186
Which 2 terminal nerves come off posterior chord?
radial & axillary n.
187
scaphoid | -side of radius or ulna?
radius
Final FA review
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