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Question 1

What is the cephalocaudal pattern of growth?

Answer 1

Developmental sequence in which the earliest growth occurs at the top—the head.

Question 2

What is the proximodistal pattern of growth?

Answer 2

Sequence in which growth starts at the center of the body and moves toward the extremities.

Question 3

What is the average length and weight of an American newborn?

Answer 3

Average length is 20 inches and weight is 7.6 pounds.

Question 4

How much do babies grow during the first year?

Answer 4

Babies grow about 1 inch per month during the first year.

Question 5

What is the average weight and height of infants by age one?

Answer 5

Weight: approximately 26 to 32 pounds; Height: average 32 to 35 inches.

Question 6

What is shaken baby syndrome?

Answer 6

Includes brain swelling and hemorrhaging and affects hundreds of babies in the United States each year.

Question 7

What noninvasive tools measure brain activity in infants?

Answer 7

• Electroencephalogram (EEG) * Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNRIS) * Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

Question 8

What are the four lobes of the brain?

Answer 8

• Frontal * Occipital * Temporal * Parietal

Question 9

What functions are associated with the frontal lobes?

Answer 9

Involved in voluntary movement, thinking, personality, and intentionality or purpose.

Question 10

What functions are associated with the occipital lobes?

Answer 10

Function in vision.

Question 11

What functions are associated with the temporal lobes?

Answer 11

Active role in hearing, language processing, and memory.

Question 12

What functions are associated with the parietal lobes?

Answer 12

Play important roles in registering spatial location, attention, and motor control.

Question 13

What is lateralization in the brain?

Answer 13

Specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex.

Question 14

What is myelination?

Answer 14

The process of forming a myelin sheath around a nerve to allow faster transmission of impulses.

Question 15

What is the neuroconstructivist view of brain development?

Answer 15

Biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brain’s development.

Question 16

What is the typical sleep duration for newborns?

Answer 16

Approximately 18 hours a day.

Question 17

What is SIDS?

Answer 17

Sudden infant death syndrome, occurs when infants stop breathing and die without any apparent reason.

Question 18

What factors increase the risk of SIDS?

Answer 18

• Abnormal brain stem functioning * Heart arrhythmia * Sleep apnea * Low birth weight * Maternal smoking * Bed sharing

Question 19

What is the recommended calorie intake for infants per pound of body weight?

Answer 19

Approximately 50 calories per day for each pound they weigh.

Question 20

What are the benefits of breast feeding for infants?

Answer 20

• Fewer gastrointestinal infections * Fewer respiratory tract infections * Reduced risk of type 1 diabetes * Lower rates of obesity * Lower incidence of SIDS

Question 21

What are some maternal benefits of breast feeding?

Answer 21

• Lower incidence of breast cancer * Reduced rate of type 2 diabetes * Lower rates of hospitalization

Question 22

What is dynamic systems theory in motor development?

Answer 22

Perspective that explains how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting.

Question 23

What are reflexes in newborns?

Answer 23

Built-in reactions to stimuli that govern the newborn’s movements.

Question 24

What is the rooting reflex?

Answer 24

Occurs when the infant’s cheek is stroked, turning their head to find something to suck.

Question 25

What is the sucking reflex?

Answer 25

Occurs when newborns automatically suck an object placed in their mouth.

Question 26

What are gross motor skills?

Answer 26

Involve large-muscle activities, such as walking.

Question 27

What is the importance of posture in gross motor skills?

Answer 27

Posture is linked with sensory information that tells us where we are in space.

Question 28

What is the development of posture linked to?

Answer 28

Sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles.

Question 29

At what age can babies typically stand?

Answer 29

10 to 12 months.

Question 30

What can babies do by 10 to 12 months?

Answer 30

Alternate leg movements and balance on one leg without falling.

Question 31

What are some developmental milestones in the first year?

Answer 31

* Grasping * Rolling * Sitting * Crawling * Standing * Walking

Question 32

What is the strongest link to reaching motor milestones earlier?

Answer 32

Larger size at birth.

Question 33

What can modify the onset of motor milestones?

Answer 33

Experiences.

Question 34

How does caregiver participation affect skill development?

Answer 34

Enhances all new skill development in a real-world environment.

Question 35

What skills can toddlers develop by 18 to 24 months?

Answer 35

* Walk quickly * Run short distances * Balance on their feet while squatting * Walk backward * Stand and kick a ball * Stand and throw a ball * Jump

Question 36

What do fine motor skills involve?

Answer 36

More finely tuned movements, such as finger dexterity.

Question 37

What is the palmer grasp?

Answer 37

Grasping with the whole hand.

Question 38

What is the pincer grip?

Answer 38

Grasping small objects with thumb and forefinger.

Question 39

What is sensation?

Answer 39

The product of the interaction between information and the sensory receptors.

Question 40

What is perception?

Answer 40

The interpretation of what is sensed.

Question 41

What does the ecological view of perception emphasize?

Answer 41

Perception brings us into contact with the environment for interaction and adaptation.

Question 42

What are affordances?

Answer 42

Opportunities for interaction offered by objects that fit within our capabilities.

Question 43

What is visual acuity?

Answer 43

The clarity or sharpness of vision.

Question 44

At what age do infants typically prefer to look at faces?

Answer 44

Within hours after birth.

Question 45

What is perceptual narrowing?

Answer 45

Infants are more likely to distinguish between faces they have been exposed to.

Question 46

What does the visual preference method measure?

Answer 46

The length of time infants attend to different stimuli.

Question 47

What is habituation?

Answer 47

Decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

Question 48

What is perceptual constancy?

Answer 48

The ability to perceive the world as stable despite changes in sensory input.

Question 49

What is depth perception?

Answer 49

The ability to perceive the distance of objects.

Question 50

What can infants perceive from occluded objects starting at about 2 months?

Answer 50

That occluded objects are whole.

Question 51

What changes in hearing occur during infancy?

Answer 51

* Loudness * Pitch * Localization

Question 52

What is intermodal perception?

Answer 52

The ability to relate and integrate information from two or more sensory modalities.

Question 53

What do nativists believe in the nature-nurture debate?

Answer 53

The ability to perceive the world is inborn or innate.

Question 54

What do empiricists emphasize in perceptual development?

Answer 54

Learning and experience.

Question 55

What is perceptual-motor coupling?

Answer 55

The coordination of perceiving and acting.

Question 56

Fill in the blank: Infants learn new perceptual-motor couplings by assembling skills for _______.

Answer 56

[perceiving and acting]