1
Q
attention
A
- the marshalling of cognitive processing resources on a particular aspect of the external or internal environment, or internal processes (memories, thoughts)
2
Q
arousal
A
- global state of the brain reflecting an overall level of responsiveness
- degree of intensity of an emotion
3
Q
visual spatial attention
A
- attention directed to a location in visual space
4
Q
covert attention
A
- does not involve actual movement; looking out of the corner of the eye, eavesdropping
5
Q
overt attention
A
- involved actual movement of the sensory surface; moving eyes, directing ear
6
Q
early selection
A
- a model of attention that attentional mechanisms can selectively filter out or attenuate irrelevant sensory input at an early processing stage before the completion of sensory and perceptual analysis
7
Q
late selection
A
- theory of attention that all stimuli are processed through the completion of sensory and perceptual analysis before any selection of influence of attention occurs
8
Q
endogenous attention
A
- in the mind, voluntary, intentional
- top down
9
Q
exogenous attention
A
- also called reflexive attention
- processing resources are directed to specific aspects of the environment in response to a sudden stimulus change like a loud noise to sudden movement
- attracts attention automatically
- bottom up
10
Q
inhibition of return
A
- a phenomenon in a exogenously cued spatial attention paradigm that is apparent as a slower behavioural response to a target stimulus presented at the cued location later than 300ms after the cue
11
Q
brainstem evokes responses
A
- series of small electrical waves elicited during the first 10ms after onset of a breed auditory stimulus
12
Q
attentional stream paradigm
A
- a paradigm use in attention research in which two or more segregated series of stimuli are presented in parallel and subjects selectively attend to one of the series to perform a task
13
Q
auditory N1
A
- the first negative ERP wave elicited by an auditory stimulus
- arises mainly from secondary auditory cortex
- peaks 100ms after stimulus
14
Q
P300/P3
A
- large positive ERP wave elicited by stimuli that are surprising, infrequent, or task-relevant targets
- peaks 300-500ms after stimulus
15
Q
P20-50 attention affect
A
- an enhanced positive-polarity ERP wave elicited by an attended auditory stimulus, occurring between 20-50ms after stimulus
16
Q
mismatch negativity (MMN)
A
- negative ERP wave peaking at 150-200 ms following a deviant stimulus in a stream of otherwise identical stimuli (usually sound)
17
Q
biased competition
A
- a theory of attention that proposes that stimulus inputs compete in a mutually inhibitory fashion for neural processing priority and that a key role of attention is to bias the processing towards those items that are attended
18
Q
reentrant process
A
- following a stimulus or event a process in which neural activity is fed back to the same brain region activated earlier in the processing sequence
19
Q
perceptual load
A
- the level of processing difficulty of a task being performed by an individual, measured by the time it takes for the analysis of the stimuli
20
Q
processing negativity
A
- a slow, long-lasting negative ERP wave elicited during auditory selective attention, the amplitude of which reflects how well each stimulus matches an attentional template
21
Q
selection negativity
A
- a slow, sustained, negative ERP wave starting 150ms after an attended visual stimulus, resulting from attention to a non spatial visual feature of the stimulus
22
Q
feature similarity gain model
A
- a model in which the attentional modulation of the amplitude gain of a sensory neutrons response depends on the similarity of the features of the currently relevant target and the feature preferences of that neuron
23
Q
visual search
A
- the searching in a visual scene with multiple stimulus items for a particular type of item possessing one or more specific feature attributes
24
Q
supramodal attention
A
- the focussing of attention on stimulus information across multiple modalities at the same time
25
multisensory integration
- the combining of sensor info from different sensory modalities, facilitating the linking of that info together into one perceptual object
26
premotor theory of attention
- a cognitive theory proposing that shifts of attention and preparation of goal-directed action ar closely linked because they are controlled by shard sensory-mort mechanisms
27
pop-out stimuli
- an item in a visual scene that differs from all of the other items in the scene.
- the time taken to find the pop-out stimulus is independent of the number of distractor items, detection must be accomplished by processing all other items in the field
28
conjunction target
- a target in a visual each task that is characterized by having a unique combination of 2 visual features.
- its detection is thought to require serial focused attention to each item until the target is found
29
feature integration theory
- a model of attention stating the visual perceptual system is organized as a set of feature maps, each providing info about the location in the visual field of a particular feature
- attention is required to integrate the feature info from these separate maps into a perceptual whole
30
binding problem
- the neural and cognitive processing problem by which the multiple features of an object are integrates together to yield a single perceptual object.
31
illusory comjunctions
- a perceptual process in which sensory features from different objects in a scene are falsely received as being part of the same object
32
guided search
- a cognitive model positing that there are 2 basic components that determine that allocation of the attention during visual search
: a component driven by stimulus (bottom-up) info and one driven by top-down influences based on high level factors and behavioural goals
33
saliency maps
- a theoretical concept of visual attention in which the importance of different stimuli in the visual field is set by a combination of top down and bottom up processing
34
N2pc wave
- a negative ERP wave elicited by the detection of a pop-out stimulus target in a visual search array, though to reshift/refocus attention
- peaks around 250ms follow presentation of stimulus
35
default-mode network
- a network of the brain that includes the posterior cingulate cortex, ventral anterior cingulate cortex, and the medial inferior prefrontal cortex
- proposed to be engages when the brain is either idling, not engaged, or directing attention internally
36
reticular activating system
- a region in the brainstem containing a set of subregions that mediate overall arousal and level of awareness
37
locus coeruleus
- a small adrenergic nucleus in the rostral brainstem that projects widely in the brain, plays a role in the sleep-waking cycles, mediating alertness, and attention
38
raphe nucleus
- brainstem nuclei involved in the control of the sleep-waking cycle, among other functions related to arousal
39
consciousness
- an intriguing but puzzling concept that includes the ideas of wakefulness, awareness of the world, and awareness of the self as an actor in the world
40
awareness
- a cognitive/perceptual state in which an individual both shows knowledge of an event or stimulus and can report the subjective experience of having that knowledge
41
self-awareness
- an awareness of oneself as a separate actor in the world
42
binocular rivalry
- the bi-stable visual experience that occurs when the right and left eyes are presented with incompatible or conflicting images and the visual perception alternates between the 2 images every few seconds
43
blindsight
- the ability of people are are blind, usually because of damage to portions of their visual cortex, to identify the properties of simple visual stimuli when forced to guess
44
transient vs sustained
transient : momentary focus on something
| sustained : prolonged focus on something
45
selective vs divided
selective : focus on one thing to the exclusion of others
| divided : try to focus on multiple things simultaneously
46
change blindness
changes in a picture or scene over time are not immediately apparent if not attended to
- flicker paradigm
psych 251
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