6. Long Term Memory

Question 1

memory

Answer 1

• processes by which info is encoded, stored, and retrieved

Question 2

learning

Answer 2

• the combined effect of all encoding, storage, and retrieval in gradually enhancing the performance of a particular task

Question 3

working memory

Answer 3

• memory held briefly in the mind that enables completion of a particular task

Question 4

declarative memory

Answer 4

• also called explicit memory

- memory available to consciousness that can be expressed by language

Question 5

non-declarative memory

Answer 5

• also called implicit memory

- memory expressed through performance, assumed to operate unconsciously

Question 6

amnesia

Answer 6

• the pathological inability to remember or to establish memories

Question 7

anterograde amnesia

Answer 7

• the inability to lay down new memories

Question 8

retrograde amnesia

Answer 8

• the inability to recall memories for events that happened before the lesion or brain disorder that caused the memory loss

Question 9

childhood amnesia

Answer 9

• in adults, the inability to remember the early years of childhood

Question 10

skill learning

Answer 10

• gradual improvement in the performance of a motor or cognitive task as a result of extensive experience and repeated practice

Question 11

operant conditioning

Answer 11

• the altered probability of a behavioural response engendered by associating responses with rewards or punishments

Question 12

acquisition

Answer 12

• in conditioning, the grade learning of a conditioned response

Question 13

extinction

Answer 13

• the gradual disappearance of a conditioned response that is no longer being rewarded

Question 14

eyeblink conditioning

Answer 14

• a paradigm in which a puff of air is repeatedly paired with a tone until the tone by itself elicits blinking

Question 15

delay conditioning

Answer 15

• a form of classical conditioning in which the conditioned stimulus is still ongoing when the unconditioned stimulus starts, and they both terminate at the same time
• cerebellum

Question 16

trace conditioning

Answer 16

• a form of classical conditioning in which there is a breed time interval between the end of the conditioned stimulus and the start of the unconditioned stimulus
• cerebellum & hippocampus
• requires memory

Question 17

habituation

Answer 17

• reduced response to an unchanging stimulus

Question 18

sensitization

Answer 18

• increased response to an unchanging stimulus

Question 19

episodic memory

Answer 19

• declarative memory that refers to memory for personally experienced past events

Question 20

semantic memory

Answer 20

• declarative memory that refers to general knowledge about the world, including knowledge of language, fas, and the properties of objects

Question 21

retrieval cue

Answer 21

• any information that leads to the retrieval of memories, such as the hits provided by memory tests

Question 22

cognitive map theory

Answer 22

• a theory positing that the hippocampus mediates memory for spatial relations among objects int he environment

Question 23

relational memory theory

Answer 23

• a theory positing that the hippocampus is involved primarily in encoding and retrieving associations between items, including spatial associations but also other types of associations

Question 24

multiple-trace theory

Answer 24

• a theory positing that episodic memories, consolidated or otherwise, always depend on the hippocampus

Question 25

encoding

Answer 25

initial creation of memory

Question 26

consolidation

Answer 26

continued organization and stabilization of memory over time

Question 27

storage

Answer 27

retention of memory over time

Question 28

retrieval

Answer 28

accessing/using stored information from memory traces

Question 29

reconsolidation

Answer 29

possible reorganization and restabilization of memory traces after retrieval

Question 30

fear conditioning

Answer 30

EPSP to tone increases in lateral nucleus of amygdala after pairing with a shock