5 b + c

Question 1

Describe how selective breeding is carried out

Answer 1

• Farmers select a female organism with a desired trait and a male organism with a desired trait
• They are bred together to have offspring
• The offspring with the desired characteristic is bread with another organism with that desired trait
• The process is repeated over many generations

Question 2

What is genetic modification

Answer 2

Altering the genome of an organism

Question 3

Describe the stages of genetic modification to manufacture …

Answer 3

• A section of desired DNA, is cut out by the restriction enzyme
  -The PLASMID, that acts as a VECTOR, is cut out by the SAME restriction enzyme
• Then the ligase enzyme joins the plasmid and the desired DNA, and this is put into a bacteria
• Then with a fermentor bacteria is reproduced and ready to be manufactured.

Question 4

3 benefits of GM crops

Answer 4

• The plants are resistant to herbicides and disease
• The plants grow bigger and more quickly
• The plants can grow in harsher environments and without the need to continue to top up nutrients frequently

Question 5

What is a transgenic organism?

Answer 5

An organism that contains foreign DNA

Question 6

Restriction enzyme

Answer 6

cuts DNA molecules at specific points

Question 7

Ligases

Answer 7

enzymes that joins the cut ends of DNA molecules

Question 8

Sticky ends

Answer 8

when restriction enzymes make a staggered cut, producing overlaping ends