Describe the pathophysiology of glaucoma. (5 marks)
Impaired aqueous humour drainage; raised intraocular pressure; optic nerve compression; reduced blood flow; progressive optic nerve damage.
Compare open-angle and angle-closure glaucoma. (5 marks)
Open-angle: chronic, trabecular dysfunction. Angle-closure: acute angle blockage, rapid IOP rise.
Outline the management of chronic open-angle glaucoma. (5 marks)
IOP reduction with prostaglandin analogues, beta-blockers, adjunct drugs, monitoring, and surgery if needed.
Explain how prostaglandin analogues reduce IOP. (5 marks)
Increase uveoscleral outflow; once-daily dosing; sustained IOP reduction.
Describe the emergency management of acute angle-closure glaucoma. (5 marks)
Immediate IOP reduction with drugs followed by definitive laser iridectomy.
