1
Q
What are the scales of migration ?
A
- micro-level = focus on individual migration
- meso-level = on a household or community level
- macro-level = larger scale migration trends
2
Q
Where is rural-rural migration prominent?
A
common in LICs + MICs due to employment, family reunion + marriage
3
Q
What does urban-urban migration consist of?
A
- partly stepped migration up the urban hierarchy as migrants improve their knowledge base + financial position
- employment + education also caused urban-urban migration
4
Q
What are the main types of internal migration?
A
- stepped migration
- rural-rural migration
- urban-urban migration
- rural-urban migration (urbanisation)
- urban-rural migration (counterurbanisation)
5
Q
How was macro-level migration seen through the colonial era?
A
- migration was encouraged to supply labour for new colonial enterprises + infrastructural projects e.g. ports + transport links between raw material exploitation + ports
- ## demand for labour in mines, plantations etc was satisfied by restricting native access to land + coercing people into migration to work directly through forced labour or indirectly through tax
6
Q
What does meso-level migration consist of?
A
- looks in more detail at the factors in the origin + destination
- there are a variety of both push/pull factors in both areas that will be interpreted differently + influence decisions to migrate
- e.g. even when governments focus resources on rural development, the volume of out-migration may not be reduced
- Lee backs this
7
Q
What fuels micro-level migration
A
- a survey of rural migrants in Mumbai found that more than 75% already had one or more relatives living in the city - for whom 90% had received some form of assistance upon arrival
- the importance of established links between urban + rural areas results in high levels of chain migration
8
Q
Economic impacts on destination area? (rural-urban)
A
- larger workforce - especially in the economically active bracket - contributing too economy + increased productivity
- people moving into cities for education (e.g. uni) bringing a well-educated population to work high payed jobs - ‘brain gain’
9
Q
Social impacts on destination area (rural-urban)
A
- rapid urbanisation = overpopulation = putting pressure on services such as healthcare + housing
- influx of migrants may cause local people to be unhappy with their area changing to cater for migrants = may lead to political problems
- quality of life may deteriorate as the area doesn’t have enough resources to cope = squatter settlements may arise due to many migrants not being able to afford to live within the city
- population structure altered = many young people aged 20-35 move to urban areas
10
Q
Environmental impacts on destination? (Rural-urban)
A
- larger population = more waste + higher consumption levels
- leading to environmental degradation e.g. air pollution due to more vehicles being on the road causing congestion
11
Q
Economic impacts on source (rural-urban)
A
- working age population leave = many jobs being left infilled + less money contributed to economy = businesses close, services under pressure due to lack of workers
- unemployment high due to under population + lack of investment leading to less jobs
- ‘brain drain’ = skilled + educated workers leave to find better economic opportunity
12
Q
Social impacts on source (rural-urban)
A
- relaxed pressure on services, potentially leading to better healthcare, lowered house prices + less crime etc.
- underpopulation can cause dereliction e.g. abandoned businesses, empty houses
- increased dependency ratio as economically active people aged around 30 are more likely to migrate = more pressure on services for elderly
- altered population structure = men are more likely to migrate, leaving women behind e.g. Poland
13
Q
Process of stepped migration?
A
- initial move from a rural area to a small urban area - migrants may develop skill + increase their knowledge/confidence in urban areas
- also become aware of better employment opportunities in large urban areas + develop personal contacts that can aid them
- those working in the formal sector may move up the urban hierarchy through promotions within a company or a transfer in a public sector job
14
Q
Urban-urban migration example
A
- movement from towns + cities in economic periphery areas to urban areas in economic core
- e.g. Brazilian = last 50 years there’s been significant movement from the poor northeast (Fortaleza, Natal) to cities in the southeast (Sao Paula, Rio de Janeiro)
- greater employment opportunities + higher average wages are the main reasons
15
Q
Causes of intra-urban movements
A
- movements of population within cities are closely related to stages in life cycle - with available housing stock being a major determinant of where people live at different stages in their life cycle
- young adults choose housing close to the CBD - higher percentage of rented + small unit accommodation along with employment + social attractions
- families are more likely to reside at a greater distance from CBD in the suburbs + outer suburbs
16
Q
Relation between income + intra-urban movement?
A
- those on low incomes have a restricted choice of where to live
- as income rises, the range of choice in terms of housing type + location increases
17
Q
What is counter urbanisation?
A
The process of population decentralisation as people move from large urban areas to smaller urban settlements or rural areas
18
Q
When did counter-urbanisation begin?
A
1960s - ‘explosion’ in 1970s
19
Q
What developments have made counter-urbanisation possible?
A
- transportation developments = railways, car ownership
- telecommunications = internet
20
Q
Why do people move out of large urban areas (counterurbanisation)?
A
- desire for better life style
- better housing
- young families want a better environment to bring up children
21
Q
Example of counterurbanisation?
A
Cambridge/london —> St Ives
