1
Q
The Austrian Empire going towards Ausgleich of 1867:
A
- after revolution of 1848: had the law to free serfs, BUT! centralized autocratic government
- 1851: centralized autocracy was created, revolutionary constitutions abolished, HUNGARY was controlled by military officers, catholic church was given more control
- Italian war in 1859: king created parliament had that elections, SUPPOSED to represent nationalities, but only represented german-speaking majority
2
Q
The Ausgleich of 1867:
A
- this happened after the austro-prussian war when the hungarians/magyars got mad
- it created the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary
- Austria and Hungary would have a separate constitution, legislature, and were independent in DOMESTIC affairs
- both would be under common Habsburg ruler, army, and foreign policy
3
Q
Continued Slavic Discontent from Ausgleich
A
- the ausgleich only made magyars/hungarians happy
- the slavic regions wanted a triple monarchy but didn’t get it
- therefore, they were still unhappy and this carried on into WWI
4
Q
Leading up to reforms in Russia
A
- the crimean war showed how russia was falling behind
- this led to other reforms (zemstvos)
- serformdom caused russian landowners to not being able to compete with foreign agricultural, serfs were uneducated and defenseless, and local peasant revolts
- this led to the emancipation edict to abolish serform
5
Q
Abolition of Serfdom in Imperial Russia
A
- peasants had SOME benefits
- however! they didn’t get great land from the government because landowners kept the good ones
- also peasants were expected to repay the state, so they had to deal with the MIR
- overall, the emancipation didn’t really do anything
6
Q
Mir/ Village Commune
A
- responsible for collecting peasant taxes
- basically owned the land peasants were buying
- reluctant to let peasants leave
7
Q
Other Reforms by Tsar Alexander II
A
- he put in the zemstovs that gave everyone some benefits, but overall not and did not create the wanted-NATIONAL assembly
- legal reforms (created later on) however accepted the principle of equality
8
Q
Zemstovs
A
- created local assemblies that showed a moderate degree of self-government
- representatives were elected, but the voting system caused nobles to have advantage
- it had limited power to provide stuff
- could levy taxes, but they were turned down
9
Q
Effect of “Other Reforms by Tsar Alexander II
A
- reformers wanted more and faster change
- conservatives didn’t want any change at all
- then…. many reform movements emerged (populism)
10
Q
Populism
A
- came from Alexander Herzen’s ideas
- they wanted to create a new society through revolutionary acts of PEASANTS
- because the peasants didn’t support them, they started to become violent
- after the king was killed by them, the next king was more repressive
11
Q
Alexander Herzen
A
- ”Land and Freedom”
- he believed that the russian peasants must be the chief instrument for social reform
12
Q
Great Britain: the Victorian Age
A
- reform act of 1832: made industrial middle class happy (representation)
- 1860s: the parliament started to make reforms (stable, prosperous)
- britain was also stable because its economic growth
- also the working class had some benefits (wages increased)
- more people were enabled to vote (extension of franchise)
13
Q
Disraeli and Tories/Conservatives
A
- with more people being able to vote, the tories (conservatives) wanted to win over the “new enfranchised groups to conservative party”
- so they passed the reform act of 1867
14
Q
Effect of Reform Act of 1867
A
- with more people being able to vote, the liberal and conservative parties wanted to win over people who are allowed to vote
- so liberals and conservatives started to get competitive
- this led to the competition of Disraeli and Gladstone
15
Q
Reform Act of 1867
A
- lowered money requirements for voting
- so it helped more urban workers being able to vote
16
Q
The Liberal Policies of Gladstone
A
- he encouraged competitive exams
- secret ballots
- no buying military commissions
- Education Act of 1870
17
Q
Education Act of 1870
A
-wanted to have all elementary kids have elementary school
18
Q
Disraeli
A
- with more people being able to vote, the tories (conservatives) wanted to win over the “new enfranchised groups to conservative party”
- he was a TORIES/ CONSERVATIVE
19
Q
Tories
A
-conservative
20
Q
Whigs
A
-liberal
