What are the G20
The 20 most influential economies
Includes BRICs, MINTs and more
What are the political, economic, military, cultural, demographic, and environmental strengths of Brazil
Political - influences MERSOCUR trade bloc
Economic - produces 50% of South Americas GDP. And has strong agricultural sector (soy/beef)
Military - largest size and spending in the continent
Cultural - football, carnival
Demographic - median age 33 (active population)
Environmental - 90% of electricity supply is from renewables, highest in the G20
What are the political, economic, military, cultural, demographic, and environmental strengths of India
Political - strong relationship with UN/G20 countries
Economic - 5th largest economy, attracts TNCs
Military - nuclear power, 3rd largest spender
Cultural - Bollywood, yoga, cuisine
Demographic - worlds largest population, many English speaking
Environmental - founding member of UNFCCC
What are the political, economic, military, cultural, demographic, and environmental strengths of Russia
Political - permanent seat and veto power on UN Security Council
Economic - natural resources like oil, ga, rare earths, and wheat
Military - advanced nuclear power, arms and space race, NASA had to work with Roscosmos in 2000s/2010s due to lack of infrastructure
Cultural - historical ties with neighbouring countries or ones controlled by the USSR
Demographic - account for half the arctic population
Environmental - artic coastline (over 50%), large taiga biome
What are the political, economic, military, cultural, demographic, and environmental strengths of China
Political - stable government, permanent seat/veto power on UN Security Council
Economic - Belt and road initiative, produces 80-90% of worlds rare earths
Military - 2nd largest miliarty spender, sells arms to North Korea/russia/saudi Arabia - military parade triggered US rename department of defence to war
Cultural - globally known history (great wall, zodiac, diaspora of over 50million
Demographic - 2nd largest population, growing middle class
Environmental - global leader in renewables, solar/wind/HEP
What are the political, economic, military, cultural, demographic, and environmental limitations of Brazil
Political - corrupt 34/100 on the CPI
Economic - overly reliant on agriculture (25% of GDP) which is unsustainable and low value
Military - weak airforce and navy due to regional focus
Cultural - limited historical or media influence
Demographic - regional inequality and aging population
Environmental - deforestation of the amazon, over exploitation of water (drought in 2015 enhanced by illegal dams)
What are the political, economic, military, cultural, demographic, and environmental limitations of India
Political - corrupt and bureaucratic
Economic - large informal economy eg in Dharavi limits tax revenue
Military - outdated, active disputes eg with china and Pakistan
Cultural - religious and linguistic divides an cause domestic tensions
Demographic - high inequality eg education of girls, slums
Environmental - home to 12/20 of the most polluted cities
What are the political, economic, military, cultural, demographic, and environmental limitations of Russia
Political - authoritarian government limits freedoms
Economic - over reliance on oil and gas is unsustainable and makes them vulnerable when sanctions are enforced
Military - declining due to Ukraine war
Cultural - perception of authoritarianism
Demographic - uneven population distribution due to landmass creates large cultural divides in the far east/west ends
Environmental - harsh climate limits agriculture
What are the political, economic, military, cultural, demographic, and environmental limitations of China
Political - regional tensions eg South China Sea, Taiwan, Tibet
Economic - aging population
Military - only one overseas base
Cultural - censorship and poor human rights
Demographic - aging population, gender imbalance, urban/rural inequality
Environmental - accounts for 30% of global emissions
Why are emerging powers so important to environmental governance
Large emitters
Often have large investment into renewables
What significant things happened at COP30
USA didnt attend, china and India’s leaders didnt attend but they were represented by another person
Saudi Arabia and Russia opposed a phase out plan of fossil fuels, overruling 80 supporting countries
Explain rostow’s modernisation theory
Countries can develop in a linear way to move from a developing to develop nation
They move between stages if they have stable governance and investment
Explain stage one of rostow’s modernisation theory
Traditional society
- subsistence farming
- local sourcing only
- poor healthcare and education
Explain stage two of rostow’s modernisation theory
Preconditions for take off
- regional or national trade
- improved infrastructure and small industries
- primary education
Explain stage three of rostow’s modernisation theory
Take off
- compulsory primary / some secondary education
- social and political engagement
- small role in global politics
- improving infrastructure
Explain stage four of rostow’s modernisation theory
Drive to maturity
- high production
- diversification
- globally connected
Explain stage five of rostow’s modernisation theory
High mass consumption
- consumption led society (luxury goods)
- high levels of education/innovation
- declaration oof human rights
What are the criticisms of rostow’s modernisation theory
- outdated and oversimplified
- ignores exogenous shock
- implies all countries will develop to stage five
What does frank’s dependency theory argue
poverty in developing countries is due to dependency on developed one
Explain how Frank’s dependency model works
Raw materials, skilled workers, political support, and debt repayments flow from periphery to core nations
Goods, aid, polluting industry, and political ideologies flow form core to periphery nations
What are the criticisms of frank’s dependency theory
- oversimplified as it ignores the semi-periphery emerging nations
- implies a periphery country will never develop
- outdated as TNCs and IGOs are now responsible for the global economic system
Explain wallerstein’s world systems theory
Periphery provides cheap labour and raw materials to both core and semi-periphery
Core provides high value goods to periphery and semi-periphery
What are the criticisms of the world systems theory
- only economic focus
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7.1 Geopolitical Power20
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7.2 Patterns of Power15
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7.3 Emerging Powers23
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7.4 Influence of Superpowers on The Global Economy11
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7.5 Superpowers and Internation Decison Making34
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7.6 Influence of Superpowers on Global Concerns14
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7.7 Contesting Global Influence22
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7.8 Changing Relationships Between Superpowers and Developing Nations12
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7.9 Economic Restructing in Superpowers16
