7.7 Contesting Global Influence Flashcards

(22 cards)

1
Q

What is the environmental importance of the arctic

A
  • holds 30% of oil and 13% of gas
  • tundra is biodiverse and home to 25% of the worlds trees
  • acts as a carbon sink (carbon offsetting) due to trees, permafrost, and cold waters
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2
Q

What is the current
economic importance of the arctic

A
  • 1 million tonnes of fish caught 1950-2006
  • 1.5million tourists a year
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3
Q

What is the political importance of the arctic

A
  • arctic countries can control trade there as ice melts for longer allowing larger ships through
  • estimated to be able to transport 1.4milllion 20ft containers by 2030
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4
Q

Who claims the arctic

A

Russia, USA, Canada, Denmark, and Norway
All claim up to 200nautical miles offshore but these areas overlap

China also claims to be a near arctic state

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5
Q

What is the importance of Tibet

A
  • plateau provides water
  • protects china from Indian invasion due to lack of infrastructure
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6
Q

What are the plans for managing the arctic

A
  1. Business as usual
  2. Arctic framework
  3. Arctic global sanctuary
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7
Q

Describe the business as usual arctic management plan

A
  • national govs manage fish stocks with quotas
  • they can protect areas as national parks
  • issues are self regulated
  • disputes settled through bilateral agreements
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8
Q

Describe the Arctic framework management plan

A
  • intergovernmental forum made up of the Arctic council (nations with arctic borders)
  • aims to remote cooperation with indigenous communities
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9
Q

Describe the arctic global sanctuary management plan

A
  • launched by greenpeace
  • campaigning for bands on oil drilling and industrial fishing
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10
Q

What are the consequences of counterfeiting

A
  • $300billion lost in the USA each year
  • the production of counterfeit electricals or cars isn’t monitored closely making them unsafe
  • 63% of counterfeit goods originate in china meaning they’re not trusted trading partners
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11
Q

What is a sphere of influence

A

The area over which a country feels it has influence outside its own borders

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12
Q

Summarise the history of tensions in Ukraine

A
  • since the fall of the USSR some Ukrainian leaders have been pro-Russia and others oppose it
  • 1997 friendship treaty of mutual respect
  • 2004 Russia cuts of oil and gas to Ukraine
  • protests in the east where the people felt culturally aligned with Russia
  • 2014 Russia annex crimea after seizing the airport and 97% of locals voting to join Russia
  • parts the east start claiming themselves republics eg Donetsk
  • 2022 Russia invades Ukraine - putin describes it as liberalising eastern Ukrainians
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13
Q

Why is Ukraine important

A
  • old soviet factories allowing exports of agricultural goods
  • access to water and oil
  • on east/west divide
  • Black Sea is important for trade and resources
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14
Q

Summarise the Israel-Palestine conflict

A
  • 1948 israel gains independence and the first Arab-Israeli war begins leading to them seizing some Palestinian territory
  • Israel controls Gaza and West Bank following 6 day war
  • uprisings from the Palestinians following violence towards them lead to West Bank barrier being created
  • hamas gains control of Gaza in 2006
  • Israel invades Gaza in 2014
  • 2017 trump recognises Jerusalem as Israel’s capital and says they have sovereignty over Gaza - criticised by UN
  • ongoing war since 2023 October 7th attack killing 1200 Israelis
  • several ceasefires agreed and breached
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15
Q

Why are Gaza and the West Bank contested

A
  • religious ties from both sides
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16
Q

Who’s involved in the conflict in the South China Sea

A

Brunei, china, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan, vietnam

17
Q

What is the importance of the South China Sea

A
  • over 30% of global trade passes through
  • supports coral reefs and 3500 fish species
  • 12% of fish caught globally are here
18
Q

Explain the conflict over the spratly islands

A
  • Claimed by china, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Vietnam
  • china has built islands to expand their exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
  • china military there restricts the US Navy’s ability to move into the Indian Ocean - US navy supported by Philippines
  • all but Taiwan agreed UNCLOS which governs maritime areas
19
Q

What are the social impacts of conflict in the South China Sea

A
  • militarisation makes the area feel unsafe and reduces government spending on social services - many of the involved countries have high inequality for healthcare/education, and food insecurity
  • sailors and fishermen experience harassment or intimidation
20
Q

What are the environmental impacts of conflict in the South China Sea

A
  • artificial islands disrupt ecosystems and destroy coral reef systems
  • overlapping fishing zones and illegal, unreported, unregulated fishing leads to overfishing
  • fuel leakages from military outposts/vessels
21
Q

What are the social impacts of conflict in Ukraine

A
  • over 35,000 civilian casualties
  • refugees in Europe or internally displaced
  • infrastructure destroyed in Kyiv including power plants, factories, and farmland
  • food prices and global energy prices rose due to sanctions on Russia
22
Q

What are the environmental impacts of conflict in Ukraine

A
  • contamination of soil and water by heavy metals, explosives, chemicals, industrial leakages from destroyed sites
  • dams, sewage treatment plants, and pipelines damaged leading to water shortages
  • carbon output of producing/transporting arms