8.1 Mutations

Question 1

When do gene mutations occur

Answer 1

Spontaneously during DNA replication

Question 2

What increases the rate of mutation

Answer 2

• Exposure to mutagenic agents e.g
• ionising radiation (UV/X-ray)
• Smoking
• Diet/obesity

Question 3

What are examples of mutagenic agents

Answer 3

• Ionising radiation (UV/X-ray)
• Smoking
• Diet/obesity

Question 4

Examples of ionising radiation

Answer 4

UV light / X-ray

Question 5

What types of mutation cause a frameshift

Answer 5

Deletion, addition, duplication

Question 6

What types of mutation do NOT cause a frameshift

Answer 6

• Substitution
• Inversion
• Translocation

Question 7

Why may a substituion mutation not have any affect on an individual

Answer 7

DNA is degenerate

Question 8

How do any mutations affect an individual (substitution, deletion, addition, inversion and duplication)

Answer 8

• Alters the primary and tertiary structure of the protein produced
• By changing hydrogen and ionic bonds between amino-acids in different places

Question 9

How does a translocation mutation affect an individual

Answer 9

• Alters the primary and tertiary structure of both protiens produced
• By changing hydrogen and ionic bonds between different amino-acids in different places

Question 10

What is the mutation in a substitution mutation

Answer 10

Change to single base

Question 11

What is the mutation in a deletion mutation

Answer 11

Removal of a base

Question 12

What is the mutation in an addition mutation

Answer 12

Addition of a base

Question 13

What is the mutation in a inversion mutation

Answer 13

Section of DNA reversed

Question 14

What is the mutation in a duplication mutation

Answer 14

Adds additional triplets

Question 15

What is the mutation in a tranlocation mutation

Answer 15

Moves sequence of bases to different part of / different chromosome