9.1

Question 1

What was the Sinatra Doctrine?

Answer 1

Doctrine which stated that members of the Warsaw Pact could decide their changes to their own countries without expecting outside interference

Put in place by Mikhail Gorbachev

Question 2

When was the Sinatra Doctrine published?

Answer 2

October 1989

Question 3

What was the impact of ‘ideology’ on Soviet foreign affairs?

Answer 3

Gorbachhev’s ‘new thinking’ meant that ideology would play a much smaller role in Soviet foreign affairs

This meant that the Soviet Union would not favour trade with communist countries over capitalist countries

Question 4

What happened to Soviet troops in Eastern European countries?

Answer 4

Soviet troops were withdrawn from bases in Eastern Europe bases to save money

perstroika and glasnost embraced

Question 5

What were Gorbachev’s intentions regarding communist control?

Answer 5

He had never intended to weaken communist rule of Eastern Europe

He wanted to strengthen communism by reform

Once reform started, he was unable to contain it, leading to the slow weakening of the Union…

Question 6

What happened in Poland?

Answer 6

1988

• Strikes throughout country

1989

• Solidarity wins elections
• Mazowiecki become first non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe

Question 7

What happened in East Germany?

when Germany reunified into one country

Answer 7

4th Nov 1989

• 1 million people protest in East Berlin

9th November 1989

• Berlin wall is opened

3rd October 1990

• Germany reunified into one country

Question 8

What happened in Czechoslovakia?

Answer 8

24th November 1989

• Communist government resigns

9 December 1989

• Vaclav Havel becomes first non-communist President since 1948

1990

• Democratic election won by Civic Forum
  
  • Alliance of anti-communist groups

Question 9

What happened in Hungary?

Answer 9

1988

• Gorbachev accepts that Hungary can become a multi-party state

1989

• Hungary opens its borders with Austria

1990

• Democratic elections won by Democratic Forum
  
  • Alliance of anti-communist groups

Question 10

What happened in Romania?

(the most brutal)

Answer 10

16 December 1989

• Secret Police fire on demonstrators in Timisoara

21 December 1989

• Huge crowd in Bucharest boos President Ceausescu, who flees but is captured

22-24 December 1989

• Army joins rebellion and fights secret police; hundreds are killed, then ceausecu dies…

1990

• Democratic elections won by National Salvation Front; containing many ex-communists

Question 11

What happened in Bulgaria?

Answer 11

1990

• Democratic elections won by renamed Comunist Party

Question 12

Why were Hungary’s reform important?

Answer 12

They opened their border with Austria

There was now a hole in the Iron Curtain, as people could get into east Berlin and west , bypassing the Berlin Wall.

this called into question enter the Berlin Wall should even exist…