Define ‘information processing’
- The methods by which data from the environment are collected & utilised
What are the three parts information processing is divided into?
Input-Decision Making- Output
What is the Input stage?
- 1st process stage
- Information picked up by senses from sporting environment
- Sporting environment can be called ‘display’
- Whilst sporting display does include aspects such as condition of pitch- also refers to sports specific items such as the opposition,court,crowd,ball & teammates
What are receptor systems?
- The senses that pick up information from the display
What are the 5 receptor systems?
- Sight
- Auditory Sense (hearing)
- Touch
- Balance
- Kinesthesis
How is sight used in sport?
- Performer can pick up the flight of the ball or the position of an opponent using their sight.
- Picking up info early can be useful & may mean info on flight of ball is processed quickly allowing performer to make their decision a fraction earlier
classed as an external sense- as info is taken from environment
How is auditory senses (hearing) used in sport?
-Player may hear call of teammate or sound of referees whistle
classed as an external sense as info is taken from environment
What are the internal senses in sport?
- Collectively called proprioceptors
- These senses provide intrinsic information about touch,balance & kinethesis- (all 3 of the internal senses)
How are the internal senses in sport used?
- Touch- Can be used to feel for the grip on the ball or the feel of the springboard
- Balance- e.g. gymnast needs balance
(kinesthesis as well)
What is kinesthesis
- The inner sense that gives information about body position and muscular tension
- Uses sensors within the muscle receptors that relay information about muscle tension & body position
e.g. a gymnast will use kinesthesis to help them be aware of body position in a tumble/ split handstand
What is decision making?
- 2nd stage on IP
- At this point performer must make a decision based on all info collected by the senses
- In order to make such decisions, the process of selective attention & the use of memory systems are v important at this stage
- Difficulty in this process lies in fact that performer can recieve a host of information from 5 senses & needs to make a decision on important aspects of that information
What is selective attention?
- A filtering process that identifies the information needed by the performer & disregards the less important parts
What is a stimuli?
The important & relevant items of information from the display such as flight of the ball
How do performers develop selective attention?
- Can be developed by experience
- Can enhance process by learning to focus & concentrate on important information - getting used to the idea of a stimuls
- Improved motivation also helps the process of selective attention, rewards, positive comments etc
If stimulus is made more intense, loud or bright when performer is training it will help develop art of concentration
What are the benefits of selective attention?
- Can improve reaction time significantly
- Focusing on relevant info improves chances of making a correct decision
- Helps decision making process
decision making
What is perception?
- The process of coding and interpreting sensory information
What is the perceptual stage of information processing?
Process of coding & Interpretating sensory info
Involves 3 aspects of activty (DCR):
Detection- Performer has picked up relevant info & identified that info as important
Comparison- Trying to match the information identified as important to info already in memory of performer
Recognition- Performer has used information from the memory to identify an appropriate response- this response can then be put into action
decision making
What are translatory mechanisms?
- Helps to convert information into memory so that decisions can be made
- Actions are stored into the memory by motor programmes.
- TM uses coded information from the perceptual process to pick out an appropriate motor programmes
all still in decision making
What are effector mechanisms?
(Output)
- The network of nerves responsible for delivering the decisions made during perceptual process to the muscles so that those muscles can perform the action
- Muscles will recieve information in form of coded impulses
- Once impulse in recieved muscles will contract & response will begin
What is feedback?
- Information used during or after the response to aid movement correction
What is the role of the central executive?
- Has a ‘supervisory role’
- Has control over all the information entering & leaving the working memory
- Quickly identifys which information should be sent to one of its sub-memory systems
What is the role of the phonological loop?
- Deals with auditory information from the senses & helps produce the memory trace
- Has a phonological store & an articulatory system that helps it to produce a memory trace
- This memory trace which is an initial mental idea of the skill can be sent to the long-term memory where it can trigger a motor programme
- This motor programme can then be used to produce movment.
What is the role of the visio-spatial sketchpad?
- Used to temporarily store visual & spatial information
- Also helps process feel of movement
- Consists of visual cache which holds info about form and colour
- And the innerscribe which deals w spatial & movement information
Suggests information about sporting actions that can be recongised & acted upon
What is the role of the episodic buffer?
- Responsible for co-ordinating the work of the phonological loop & the visuospatial sketchpad into sequences which can be sent to the LTM
- These sequences are the starting point for the initiation of motor programmes, which are patterns of whole skills & can be used to produce movement
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8.1 Energy Systems34
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8.1 Energy Systems: 233
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9.1 Information Processing25
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9.1 Information Processing 225
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11.1 Linear Motion28
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11.2 Angular Motion26
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11.3 Projectile Motion14
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11.4 Fluid Mechanics21
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12.1 Psychological Factors That Influence an Individual in Physical Activity31
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12.1 Psychological Factors Cont. Stress & Attribution Theory21
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13.1 Concepts of Physical Activity and Sport18
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13.2 Development of Elite Performers in Sport22
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13.2 Development of Elite Performers in Sport 22
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13.3 Ethics in Sport14
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13.4 Violence In Sport7
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13.5 Drugs In Sport16
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13.6 Sport and the Law9
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13.7 Commercialisation on Physical Activity20
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Exercise Physiology25
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Exercise Physiology 2: Injury & Rehabilitation Methods20
