A (1-100)

Question 1

(1) In research, behavior modification, and applied behavioral analysis (ABA), a baseline measure. (2) In rational-emotive behavior therapy, an activating event.

Answer 1

“A”

Question 2

Formerly the American Association of Retired Persons, this organization was founded in 1958. It is a nonprofit, nonpartisan organization with a mission aimed at improving the lives of older adults and empowering them to choose how they live.

Answer 2

AARP

Question 3

A two-phase continuous measurement research design popular with behaviorists in which A equals the baseline and B the intervention/treatment process. Can be extended to an ABAB format in order to rule out confounding variables by noting whether the second AB pattern mimics the first AB pattern. Generally used with a single subject.

Answer 3

AB/ABAB design

Question 4

(1) Occurs when a helper terminates a client without informing the client of this fact. This is generally considered an ethical violation. A helper can ethically do this even if the client insists on returning for services if the helper has genuinely tried to help for a reasonable amount of time but cannot, or if the helper believes another provider would be more competent, and referrals are provided. (2) In child abuse, the act of leaving a child alone

Answer 4

abandonment

Question 5

Henry Murray’s term to describe the need to comply, atone, confess, surrender, or even accept punishment due to feelings of inadequacy.

Answer 5

abasement

Question 6

To reduce or eliminate unwanted symptoms or pain

Answer 6

abatement

Question 7

A principle of Albert Ellis’s rational-emotive behavior psychotherapy in which A equals an activating event. B is the individual’s belief system, and C is an emotional consequence. At D, the counselor then disputes B if it is irrational or illogical which results in E, a new healthier emotional consequence. Some sources add F for desired feeling

Answer 7

A-B-C or A-B-C-D-E or A-B-C-D-E-F theory

Question 8

A model suggested by Kristi Kanel for dealing with clients immobilized by an emergency. The practitioner should A, use basic attending skills to establish rapport with the client and maintain contact; B, identify the problem; and C, explore new coping skills with the client

Answer 8

ABC model of crisis intervention

Question 9

(1) A tendency to depart or stray from normal thoughts, feelings, or behavior. (2) A disorder

Answer 9

aberration

Question 10

Used to determine one’s talents and proficiencies. Measures of aptitude assess future or potential performance, while measures of achievement assess current skills. In some of the older literature, the term is loosely used as a synonym for aptitude

Answer 10

ability Tests

Question 11

Discrimination or prejudice against an individual who has a physical, emotional, behavioral, cognitive, intellectual, or neurological disability. A common example would be when an able-bodied person is picked for the job even though the individual is not as qualified as the person in a wheelchair.

Answer 11

ableism or ablism

Question 12

(1) Thoughts, feelings, and/or behavior that deviate from the normal adjustment process or cause problems for the individual and/or society. Often abnormality is defined in relation to a given theory of personality or culture. (2) Can also refer to a statistical score outside of the normal range and includes positive attributes such as giftedness.

Answer 12

abnormal

Question 13

A psychoanalytic term that describes a client’s expression of a repressed emotion. Originally used to describe a release via hypnosis. In the popular press the term “catharsis” is often used synonymously. The emotional release is viewed as curative.

Answer 13

abreaction

Question 14

A horizontal reference line on a graph often used to plot the independent/experimental variable. Also known as the x axis.

Answer 14

abscissa

Question 15

A parent who is not living with their children.

Answer 15

absent parent

Question 16

In ethics, expresses the idea that confidentiality is NEVER broken. Although this was true at one time, it is not true now; such as when a client threatens to harm themself or others.

Answer 16

absolute confidentiality

Question 17

The notion that a given (i.e. numerical) income is necessary to reach a minimum level of sustenance. Often contrasted with relative poverty which implies that the person’s standard of living exceeds the sustenance level but is below others who live in the community.

Answer 17

absolute poverty

Question 18

In rational emotive behavior therapy created by Albert Ellis, the notion that thinking in terms of absolutes is unhealthy and leads to human unhappiness.

Answer 18

absolutist thinking

Question 19

Refers to the practice of voluntarily refraining from a given action.

Answer 19

abstinence

Question 20

(1) The ability to understand symbolic concepts. (2) A brief synopsis of a journal article that appears just under the title of the article and before the actual article begins. By reading the synopsis, the human services worker or counselor can usually ascertain if the article is pertinent to one’s area of interest.

Answer 20

abstract

Question 21

To mistreat or harm another individual or yourself in a physical or emotional manner.

Answer 21

abuse

Question 22

A national certification offered by the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) that has a list of requirements including NASW membership, a Council on Social Work (CSWE) accredited MSW degree, specific employment and supervision, continuing education, evaluation, and more.

Answer 22

Academy of Certified Social Workers (ACSW)

Question 23

The act of giving a child learning experiences that are usually reserved for older children. Intended primarily for gifted or talented children.

Answer 23

accelerated learning

Question 24

Created in 1982 by the American psychologist Steven C. Hayes, this approach fuses behavior therapy, mindfulness, cognitive therapy, counterconditioning, and positive reinforcement. The approach has six core principles: 1. Cognitive delusion: Step back and detach from your own thoughts and mental images since they are not always true; 2. Contact the person in the present moment: Use mindfulness - also sometimes called “be here now”; 3. Acceptance: Allow thoughts and feelings to come and go. Do not fight them or struggle with them; 4. Self-as-context: Can be called the observing-self in some of the literature. The “you” observing the changes to your life stays the same; 5. Values: What really matters to you in your life? 6. Committed action: Doing what it takes to live your values even when it is difficult. In short, A, accept thoughts and feelings, C, choose a valued direction in life, and T, take action to change your life.

Answer 24

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT)

Question 25

(1) In Piaget's, theory, the act of modifying cognitive patterns (schemas) to understand new objects and/or experiences. (2) Counselors loosely use this term to describe a change in one's way of thinking or behavior to fit a new situation. (3) Altering an environment for a person with special needs or disabilities.

Answer 25

accommodation

Question 26

(1) Implies that counselors can document or calculate the effectiveness of the treatment process or the required job duties. (2) The notion that counselors and clients are responsible or accountable for their actions. Documentation for insurance companies or third party payors to verify that a given course of intervention was necessary and carried out would serve as an example.

Answer 26

accountability

Question 27

A process by which an agency or association recognizes that a program has met certain established qualifications, requirements, and standards. A counseling graduate program would seek this from CACREP.

Answer 27

accreditation

Question 28

The process of learning the behaviors and expectations of a culture. This is an anthropological term that is sometimes used to describe the process an individual goes through when transferring into a new culture and attempting to assimilate new customs.

Answer 28

acculturation

Question 29

A measure of what a person has already learned or achieved in terms of knowledge, performance, or skill. These can be contrasted with aptitude tests (or ability tests in early literature) which measure an individual's potential.

Answer 29

achievement test

Question 30

Slang for LSD.

Answer 30

acid

Question 31

Slang for an individual who uses LSD.

Answer 31

acid freak

Question 32

An American psychiatrist and psychoanalyst. A pioneer in the field of psychodynamic family psychology. He helped integrate analytic principles with the systems theory of family therapy. He was a proponent of the belief that treating the family as a whole could help treat the individual.

Answer 32

Ackerman, Nathan (1908-1971)

Question 33

In the 1980s it was considered a fatal disease inasmuch as the immune system shuts down and any infection can prove deadly. Today, with proper treatment, it is viewed as chronic but manageable. In 1984 it was founded that the human immunodeficiency virus, which is transmitted via sexual contact or through the blood stream (e.g. blood transfusions or substance abusers sharing needles), can cause the disease.

Answer 33

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Question 34

(1) Learning a new thought, behavior, or feeling. (2) The strengthening of a new thought, behavior, or feeling through learning. (3) Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors which are not innate or inherited. (4) The process of gaining goods or possessions.

Answer 34

acquisition

Question 35

An exaggerated, irrational fear of high places.

Answer 35

acrophobia

Question 36

(1) In psychoanalytic theory, acting as if a current situation is the situation that originally caused the strong feelings being expressed. It is symbolic of an earlier life experience and is controlled by unconscious conflicts. A counselee's feeling of transference to a counselor, for example, could relate to a strong feeling toward a parent or caretaker initially manifested at an early age. (2) A dysfunctional expression of a repressed drive or which. The person will often display irrational violence or act in an irresponsible manner.

Answer 36

acting out

Question 37

Slang for the act of gambling or placing a bet.

Answer 37

action

Question 38

Also called applied research, is aimed at solving a problem in a school, counseling center, human services agency, or other organization. It focuses on practical application, whereas basic research is often instituted to advance theoretical notions and thus is not necessarily applicable to direct practice.

Answer 38

action research

Question 39

The point at which an individual who is experiencing a crisis realizes that their modalities of coping are ineffective and is motivated to secure or accept help.

Answer 39

active crisis state

Question 40

Any approach in which the counselor actively directs the topic and the nature of the session (e.g. REBT). These approaches are sometimes labeled didactic since the counselor acts as a teacher and suggests specific strategies for the client. This approach can be contrasted with passive non directive models such as person-centered counseling.

Answer 40

active-directive counseling/therapy

Question 41

(1) The process of listening and then responding to the client in a manner that lets the client know you are truly listening, conveying an attitude of respect. (2) Attending to the client's verbal and nonverbal actions without judgment to enhance rapport, self-disclosure, and exploration.

Answer 41

active listening

Question 42

Insight regarding one's full potential or the acts of trying to achieve such potential.

Answer 42

actualization

Question 43

A serious mental or physical disturbance that comes on suddenly but that has a short duration (generally less than six months). Often contrasted with chronic issues.

Answer 43

acute

Question 44

The uncontrolled production and accumulation of immature white blood cells from cancerous blood-forming tissues. The progression of this form is much more rapid than other forms. Common symptoms are anemia, pale skin, weakness, bruising, and bleeding.

Answer 44

acute leukemia

Question 45

(1) In Piaget's developmental theory, the term is used qualitatively to describe a condition in which an individual fits information into existing ideas (assimilation) and modifies cognitive schemata to incorporate new information (accommodation). (2) Changing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors to meet the environment. The word "adjustment" is often utilized.

Answer 45

adaptation

Question 46

In transactional analysis, the Child ego state is the part of the personality that houses the Natural Child impulses and experiences of infancy and early childhood. The Child ego state can be further broken down into the Natural Child, this term, and the Little Professor. This portion of the ego state is the entity that alters and modifies behavior as a result of parent or caretaker demands. This term tries to please parents or adapts by whining, procrastinating, and/or withdrawing. The Little Professor is the creative portion.

Answer 46

Adapted Child

Question 47

A physical and/or emotional over-dependence on alcohol or other drugs. Technically, a pure form is characterized via abstinence syndrome in which the individual experiences withdrawal symptomatology. The WHO recommends the term dependence. Recently popular behavioral science literature has utilized the term codependency to suggest that an individual has this to another person. A person may also experience this in relation to activities or processes such as sex or gambling.

Answer 47

addiction

Question 48

Comes from the Latin, "for this purpose." In the human services profession the term is generally used in research when a hypothesis is developed after the data have been collected. Can also refer to a hypothesis that is created to explain data which does not fit into a current theory.

Answer 48

ad hoc

Question 49

Therapeutic measures that supplement or aid the helping process such as recreation therapy, art therapy, or parenting classes.

Answer 49

adjunct to counseling/psychotherapy

Question 50

Living in harmony with the environment while satisfying one's needs. The word adaptation is often utilized, although the term is intended to convey positive connotations and serve as a goal for the client. Counselors are sometimes critical of the fact that all too often this term implies conformity.

Answer 50

adjustment

Question 51

A category used in the DSM-IV-TR and DSM 5 to delineate depression, anxiety, or a behavioral reaction which can be traced to stressors rather than a mental disorder. Such a reaction abates as the person is better able to cope with the circumstances.

Answer 51

adjustment disorder

Question 52

A Viennese psychiatrist who founded comparative-individual psychology, which is more commonly referred to as individual psychology. This school asserts that behavior is an unconscious result of attempting to compensate for feelings of inferiority. When an inferiority complex results from feelings related to a given body part it is termed organ inferiority. Overcompensation for a perceived deficiency is seen as neurotic. This individual's therapeutic intervention stresses one's lifestyle (e.g. social and vocational facets).

Answer 52

Adler, Alfred (1870-1937)

Question 53

(1) To admit something is true or valid. (2) Meeting the requirements to formally enter a school, hospital, agency, or treatment facility.

Answer 53

admission

Question 54

Transactional analysis structural theory conceptualizes the personality using three ego states: The Parent, this term, and the Child. This state roughly corresponds to Freud's ego and is the rational, accountable, unemotional, thinking and processing center that operates on logic. Also called the neopsyche.

Answer 54

Adult ego state

Question 55

Viewing students as having control over their own learning and bringing many experiences gained over a lifetime to learning experiences. These learners are viewed as being motivated to optimizing their own learning in field education.

Answer 55

Adult learner model of education

Question 56

Any disability which develops after birth.

Answer 56

adventitious disability

Question 57

A negative or unwanted side effect or condition

Answer 57

adverse

Question 58

Potentially traumatic experiences such as abuse, neglect, exploitation, violence, substance abuse, suicide of a family member, or incarceration of a family member. Can also be related to physical challenges such as cancer, diabetes, STDs, or severe burns. These have been linked to early death, risky health behaviors, and chronic health difficulties. These do not necessarily cause every child to experience poor life outcomes, but services to prevent children from experiencing adversity and interventions after it has occurred such as mentoring programs, victim-centered services, and public education campaigns will often prove highly beneficial.

Answer 58

adverse childhood experiences (ACES)

Question 59

Telling or suggesting ways a client might behave. A popular technique in active directive helping modalities, which is generally used much less by non-directive and analytic practitioners. The roots of this practice date back to E.G. Williamson, a major figure in the career counseling movement.

Answer 59

advice giving

Question 60

In a non-profit agency or educational program, a cadre of individuals who have the expertise to improve the efficacy of the agency or college/university program. Thus, a human services program might have a human services practitioner, a professor from a similar program from another educational institution, and a graduate of the program now practicing in the field. This can be contrasted to the board of directors that is often composed of persons outside the field such as an attorney, banker, or accountant. Serving on this is typically voluntary.

Answer 60

advisory board

Question 61

Pleading for the rights of a client or group of clients or other citizens. The worker assists, defends, or represents the client so this individual can obtain services, a job, fair treatment, etc. The helper might even attend a public forum or a legal proceeding. This term is often used in conjunction with intervention for the disabled.

Answer 61

advocate/advocacy role

Question 62

Refers to emotions, feelings, pleasantness, unpleasantness, or mood. On occasion, professional literature uses the word affect in place of the word emotion. These processes and disorders are viewed as separate from those of a cognitive nature.

Answer 62

affect/affective

Question 63

A disorder involving one's mood. Often means depression.

Answer 63

affective disorder

Question 64

The need for association, closeness, love, friendships, cooperation, or group involvement. A popular term in social psychology and personality literature. Henry Murray saw this as a basic human need.

Answer 64

affiliation

Question 65

National health care policy that took effect in 2014. Less formally known as "Obamacare," it requires all individuals to have health insurance and worked toward expanding Medicaid programs.

Answer 65

Affordable Care Act (ACA)

Question 66

Intervention or follow-up procedures utilized after a hospital, day hospital, or inpatient program; often referred to as continuing care. This is very important for clinically depressed individuals since some research shows suicide rates go up after a person is discharged from a mental health facility.

Answer 66

aftercare

Question 67

(1) The traditional definition: the tendency to look upon the elderly in a negative manner or discriminate against older persons based on their age. (2) A more modern definition: prejudice or discrimination based on one's age. Also known as age discrimination.

Answer 67

ageism/agism

Question 68

A procedure whereby an individual is hypnotized such that they experience life at an earlier age. The technique is often used to help the client recall information repressed during a childhood trauma.

Answer 68

age regression

Question 69

(1) A tendency to express hostility or hurt people and/or things. (2) To dominate, insult, or injure others in a sadistic manner. (3) In assertiveness training, a communication that puts down or hurts another person such that the person feels their rights have been violated; the recipient of the aggressive communication may feel humiliated. (4) A natural reaction to frustration according to the frustration-aggression hypothesis. Some helpers feel that if clients believe in this notion it will lead to dysfunctional behavior and is not accurate.

Answer 69

aggression/aggressiveness

Question 70

Depression with extreme restlessness

Answer 70

agitated depression

Question 71

A fear of open spaces. Clients with this disorder will often dread leaving home or going outdoors.

Answer 71

agoraphobia

Question 72

Also known as insight, the term describes a reaction at a given point in time when an individual puts two or more factors together and subsequently understands or solves a problem.

Answer 72

A-ha experience

Question 73

Slang for an individual who uses amphetamines.

Answer 73

A-head

Question 74

A counseling technique or theory that does not emphasize the past but rather focuses on the here and now. This approach does not assume that early life experiences need to be examined in order to change current behaviors.

Answer 74

ahistoric counseling

Question 75

In transactional analysis, an unproductive pastime that consists of complaining about a situation rather than engaging in productive activity

Answer 75

ain't it awful

Question 76

(1) Slang for an individual who is not very intelligent or does not use common sense. (2) Slang for an individual who uses marijuana.

Answer 76

airhead

Question 76

A voluntary support group founded in 1951 for family members or friends or an alcoholic.

Answer 76

Al-anon

Question 76

A voluntary support group for teens with alcoholic parents, caretakers, or friends. The online chat meetings are available where teens 13 to 18 can communicate with other teens impacted by someone's drinking.

Answer 76

Alateen

Question 77

(1) A condition that results from excessive habitual, compulsive, or addictive use of the drug alcohol. In its most severe form, it can lead to alcohol psychosis or death. (2) According to the Joint Committee on Alcoholism and Drug Dependency, Inc. and the American Society of Addiction Medicine, this is a primary, chronic disease with genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors influencing its development and manifestations. It is often progressive and fatal. It is characterized via continuous or periodic drinking, using alcohol despite adverse consequences, and distortions in thinking, generally denial.

Answer 77

alcohol dependence/alcoholism

Question 78

A pathological craving/love for the drug alcohol

Answer 78

alcoholomania/alcoholophilia

Question 79

Refers to any physical and/or psychological symptoms that occur as a result of curbing alcohol consumption or totally abstaining from the drug. Weakness, nausea, depression, tachycardia, increased anxiety, shaking, and delusions are commonly experienced.

Answer 79

alcohol withdrawal

Question 80

A Hungarian psychoanalyst associated with the University of Chicago who helped popularize the concepts of brief analytic therapy and psychosomatic medicine.

Answer 80

Alexander, Franz (1891-1964)

Question 81

Loss of ability to understand written words and/or sentences. Often caused by a stroke.

Answer 81

alexia

Question 82

A procedure in which an individual considers every possible solution to a problem.

Answer 82

algorithms

Question 83

This term is used in multicultural counseling to describe an individual who is living in a country but is not legally a citizen of that country.

Answer 83

alien

Question 84

(1) In existential therapy, the feeling that life is meaningless or that one is separated from society. (2) A feeling of being alone; having no friendships with others.

Answer 84

alienation

Question 85

The money provided to an agency or program to help it run.

Answer 85

allocation

Question 86

Standard, conventional, or traditional medicine, such as prescription medicines or surgery.

Answer 86

allopathic medical care

Question 87

A popular term used in multicultural and diversity literature. The process of coping with a situation by attempting to change the environment rather than making changes in yourself. In psychoanalysis this denotes that an individual is turning the libido toward the environment.

Answer 87

alloplastic/allplasty

Question 88

A US psychologist who taught at Harvard and stressed conscious rather than unconscious processes. He believed in idiographic research (studying individuals) rather than nomothetic research (studying groups of individuals to create general principles). He is best known for his "psychology of individuality."

Answer 88

Allport, Gordon Willard (1897-1967)

Question 89

Giving money, services, or gifts in kind to the poor. A charitable donation.

Answer 89

alms

Question 90

Shelters that resulted from the 1601 Poor Law for individuals who were unable to care for themselves. Sometimes referred to as poorhouses.

Answer 90

almshouses

Question 91

Espoused by the Elvin Morton Jellinek Model of Alcoholism, excessive or inappropriate drinking without any loss of control or the inability to abstain. This person is said to use alcohol to cope with life stressors. This has been viewed as the initial stage of alcoholism, but since there is no loss of control it is not viewed as a disease at this point.

Answer 91

alpha alcoholism

Question 92

Former honors society for human services. The successor is Tau Upsilon Alpha (TUA).

Answer 92

Alpha Delta Omega

Question 93

The probability that a researcher will reject a null hypothesis when it is actually true. Also known as a Type I error, this factor is numerically equal to the significance or confidence interval.

Answer 93

alpha error

Question 94

Also called the level of significance or level of confidence. The probability of committing a Type I error. In counseling research the .05 and .1 level have been the most popular. The term rejection level also appears on some exams and in the literature.

Answer 94

alpha level

Question 95

A neuroscience and biofeedback term used to describe brain wave frequencies of 8 to 12 cycles per second (cps) / Hertz (Hz). The reading and feedback are provided by an EEG. These are also known as Berger rhythm, named after the German psychiatrist Hans Berger who first measured brain waves and are associated with relaxation but not sleep, hence the term wakeful relaxation has been used to describe the state.

Answer 95

alpha rhythm/alpha waves

Question 96

Any state of consciousness that deviates from the normal conscious experience. This state could be induced via drugs, medicines, ecstasy, meditation, biofeedback, autogenic training, illness, a near death experience, or a peak emotional experience.

Answer 96

altered state

Question 97

An interchangeable form of a test that will yield equivalent results. Also called comparable forms, parallel forms, or equivalent forms and must have similar, if not identical, statistical properties. Often used to assess test reliability.

Answer 97

alternate forms

Question 98

A research term. (1) The experimental hypothesis sometimes known as the affirmative or empirical hypothesis. (2) A hypothesis which asserts that the null hypothesis is not true.

Answer 98

alternative hypothesis