D (1-100)

Question 1

Influential in the field of school counseling, this person was a high school principal in Grand Rapids, Michigan, beginning in 1907, brought systematic guidance and vocational programs to public schools and is considered to be the first school counselor in the US.

Answer 1

Davis, Jesse Buttrick (1871-1955)

Question 2

A treatment program that allows patients to go home for the night. Sometimes referred to as partial hospitalization. Can be contrasted with an inpatient hospital, where the patient does sleep at the hospital or a weekend hospital. Also different from outpatient or intensive outpatient, both of which are less intensive.

Answer 2

day hospital

Question 3

Abbreviation for Distance Credentialed Counselor. It has been replaced with the BC-TMH credential.

Answer 3

DCC

Question 4

In Freud’s theory, the unconscious drive toward death. Also called Thanatos, it is often contrasted with Eros, the life instinct.

Answer 4

death instinct

Question 5

Ethical guidelines and state laws stipulate counselors should use a credible one of these, and document this procedure, when faced with an ethical dilemma. There are various models but typical steps include: 1. delineate the dilemma or the problem; 2. consider the client’s worldview; 3. review ethics, laws, and your agency, hospital, or organizational policies; 4. consider a consultation with one or more colleagues, experts, or resources; 5. list your possible course of action and consider the likely consequences; 6. decide on your course of action and implement it; 7. document all steps of the decision-making plan as well as events which transpire after you have implemented all your actions.

Answer 5

decision-making model ethics

Question 6

Describes a client whose condition is deteriorating.

Answer 6

decompensation

Question 7

A process of formulating a specific hypothesis or hunch from general principles.

Answer 7

deductive reasoning

Question 8

In ethics and law, making false verbal statements to injure a person’s character. Often contrasted with libel, which occurs when someone uses the written word to degrade somebody’s reputation.

Answer 8

defamation

Question 9

Freud’s notion that the individual unconsciously distorts reality to protect the ego from the unconscious ideas of the id or superego that the person cannot accept.

Answer 9

defense mechanism

Question 10

(1) Implies that something is lacking. (2) The client is lacking something from a neurological standpoint.

Answer 10

deficit

Question 11

Discharging long-term hospital patients who still suffer from severe mental illness into the community. This movement escalated in the 1970s.

Answer 11

deinstitutionalization

Question 12

A distinct feeling that one has experienced a particular situation before.

Answer 12

deja vu

Question 13

Occurs when a person who is under the legal age to be an adult breaks the law.

Answer 13

deliquency

Question 14

A condition caused by withdrawal from alcohol, occurring within 24 to 96 hours after abstinence. Hallucinations, delusions, and convulsions are common. Experts generally agree that such individuals need inpatient emergency care.

Answer 14

delirium tremens (DTs)

Question 15

In Elvin Morton Jellinek’s typology of alcoholism, the fourth stage of alcoholism in which an alcoholic has both physical and psychological addiction and therefore must drink daily or withdrawal occurs.

Answer 15

delta alcoholic

Question 16

In biofeedback and neuroscience, an EEG reading indicating a brain wave of 4 Hz or less that is common during deep sleep.

Answer 16

delta rhythm/delta waves

Question 17

An obviously false belief. Called “this term” of grandeur when a person exaggerates their importance. Referred to as “this term” of persecution when one feels attacked.

Answer 17

delusion

Question 18

In research, this term implies that subjects may have clues about what the researcher is looking for. If this is the case then the subjects often behave in a different manner and the experiment is said to be confounded.

Answer 18

demand characteristics

Question 19

An old term for schizophrenia.

Answer 19

dementia praecox

Question 20

Named after Frederich W. Lewy MD who discovered the condition. Lewy Bodies are deposits in the brain assumed to cause difficulties. This is the third most common type of dementia behind Alzheimer’s and vascular dementia. Symptoms are hallucinations, delusions, confusion, acting out one’s dreams, and Parkinson’s-like balance, posture, and muscle issues. Some memory loss is evident, but not as severe as Alzheimer’s.

Answer 20

dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)

Question 21

A group leadership style that is often compared and contrasted with the authoritarian/autocratic and laissez-faire styles. A facilitator using this persuasion shares authority with the group. Although the leader has the final say, they elicit input from the group members prior to making a decision. In most, but not all, group settings, this style is seen as the most valuable approach to leadership.

Answer 21

democratic leadership style

Question 22

Agencies routinely use statistical data for the population they are serving to make program decisions or to provide to organizations/individuals who are interested in making decisions.

Answer 22

demographic data

Question 23

The study of population statistics.

Answer 23

demography

Question 24

Threadlike extensions which receive impulses via synapses from another neuron and conduct them towards the cell body also known as the soma. Sometimes referred to as the “receptor for the cell.”

Answer 24

dendrite

Question 25

A conscious act of denying reality, sometimes referred to as suppression. This term is often wrongly used for the term repression, which is automatic or unconscious forgetting that is beyond the individual's control. This term is commonly accepted as the most common defense mechanism in chemically dependent individuals.

Answer 25

denial

Question 26

Someone who allows another person or persons to make decisions and take responsibility for them. Individuals with these personalities do NOT take responsibility for themselves.

Answer 26

dependent personality

Question 27

A variable that "depends" on the independent/experimental variable. In research, this variable is the outcome data or data variable.

Answer 27

dependent variable (DV)

Question 28

A mood disorder characterized by extreme sadness or apathy.

Answer 28

depression

Question 29

The act of withholding or not providing something that is necessary.

Answer 29

deprivation

Question 30

A school of helping that believes that impulses buried deep in the unconscious mind are responsible for one's behaviors and feelings. Can also be referred to as a psychodynamic approach.

Answer 30

depth psychology

Question 31

Occurs when a client feels like they are living a dream or existing outside one's own body. Clients often describe it as if they are watching their life being played out in a moving feeling like they are dissociated and detached. Since medications, drugs, and sleep deprivation can cause these symptoms, these factors must be ruled out prior to making this diagnosis. Some exams call this depersonalization.

Answer 31

derealization disorder

Question 32

Any statistic that describes a property or attribute of a sample. The mean, median, mode, and range would be examples of this. Often contrasted with an inferential statistic, which makes inferences about the population at large by analyzing a sample from that population.

Answer 32

descriptive statistics

Question 33

Co-founded solutions-focused brief therapy with his wife, Insoo Kim Berg. They also founded the Brief Family Therapy Center.

Answer 33

de Shazer, Steve (1940-2005)

Question 34

A contribution or donation to an organization or agency with a specific purpose such as "creating and printing teen suicide prevention brochures" or purchasing a vacuum cleaner for the homeless shelter. If this is not designated an administrator could decide to use the funds for expenses such as rent or utility bills.

Answer 34

designated contribution

Question 35

A form of drug abuse in which a prescription or over-the-counter drug is chemically altered to help one experience a drug high. These are illegal.

Answer 35

designer drugs

Question 36

A philosophy stating that nothing occurs without a reason. Since this philosophy holds that factors outside of the individual's control influence behavior, adherents do NOT believe human beings have free will.

Answer 36

determinism

Question 37

A branch of psychology that deals with physical and psychological changes that occur throughout the aging process.

Answer 37

developmental psychology

Question 38

Behavior differing from the norm or accepted social standards of the society. Often used in reference to sexual behaviors. The behavior may or may not be illegal.

Answer 38

deviant

Question 39

A pancreatic disease that leads to elevated blood glucose levels known as hyperglycemia. Common symptoms include: excessive thirst, hunger, fatigue, frequent urination, and double vision. There are several types of the disease. Type I is caused by insulin-producing cells being damaged and thus very little, if any, insulin is being produced. A person with Type I requires injections of insulin to control the high glucose levels in the blood. This type usually impacts individuals under the age of 20. In the case of Type II, the body does produce insulin but it is an insufficient amount or it doesn't work properly. This form is the most common and is usually found in adults over the age of 40 that are overweight. A modified diet and exercise normally can keep Type II under control. The gestational form of this disease is induced by pregnancy due to the changing hormone levels. Generally, after giving birth, blood glucose levels return to normal. However, women who suffer the gestational form are more likely to develop Type II later in life.

Answer 39

diabetes mellitus (DM)

Question 40

The act of classifying or putting a label on a physical or emotional disease or disorder. Some ethical codes have ruled a counselor can refrain from this act if it could result in harm.

Answer 40

diagnosis

Question 41

A professor of anatomy and integrative biology considered one of the key founders of neuroscience. Is generally accredited with the discovery that the brain can change by experience, and even improve, via enrichment. This is called neuroplasticity. Prior to her work, scientists were adamant that the environment did not change the brain. She is also well known for studying Albert Einstein's brain and conducting research illuminating differences between the male and female cerebral cortex.

Answer 41

Diamond, Marian (1926-2017)

Question 42

A form of irrational thinking often seen in depressed individuals in which the person only perceives two, usually diametrically opposed, options.

Answer 42

dichotomous cognitions/thinking

Question 43

In statistics and research, a binomial variable that exists in two categories.

Answer 43

dichotomous variable

Question 44

(1) To dictate client notes into a recording device or to another person to place in the client's record. (2) Another word for charting or recording in a client's chart.

Answer 44

dictation

Question 45

Dissociative identity disorder. Older literature will use the term multiple personality disorder.

Answer 45

DID

Question 46

Literally means to teach. Counselors may use this method when they teach clients about something.

Answer 46

didactic

Question 47

An operant conditioning behavior modification/applied behavior analysis technique in which a dysfunctional behavior is not reinforced, but a functional incompatible behavior IS reinforced. As an example, a child could be reinforced for playing a sport in physical education class, but not when on the sidelines. When performing this technique with a compatible behavior DRO or DRA is implemented.

Answer 47

differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior (DRI)

Question 48

An operant conditioning behavior modification/applied behavior analysis in which the counselor reinforces an alternative behavior to reduce or eliminate an unwanted behavior. Generally, the counselor can reinforce any behavior except the inappropriate one. Hence, a child who steals or curses during a given period of time could be reinforced for remaining quiet, working on a scholastic assignment, etc. for a given period of time.

Answer 48

differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) OR differential reinforcement of alternative behavior (DRA)

Question 49

Created the Systematic Training for Effective Parenting (STEP) program that helps build parenting skills. He also contributed to Adlerian therapy.

Answer 49

Dinkmeyer, Don Sr. (1924-2001)

Question 50

Refers to counseling approaches in which the counselor tells the client what to do, how to think, or what steps to take. Treatment modalities that employ advice giving are considered "this term." The term also implies that the counselor may tell the client what topics to discuss.

Answer 50

directive counseling/therapy

Question 51

The notion that a counselor is legally or ethically liable for their own behavior as well as assignments given to supervisees.

Answer 51

direct liability

Question 52

Sometimes known as doing a mailing, this is a highly effective technique for organizations who wish to sell an item or an event or who want to raise money. It works best when advertising materials are mailed to individuals who have made donations or helped the agency in the past.

Answer 52

direct mail marketing campaign

Question 53

The person responsible for helping to raise money for an organization. Large agencies may employ several persons in these positions via a development office.

Answer 53

director of development OR development director OR foundation director

Question 54

Consists of working directly with clients.

Answer 54

direct practice

Question 55

(1) Lacking the ability to function as others do on a permanent or temporary basis. It can be psychological or physical. (2) For social security disability insurance benefits, an inability to do the work you did before, and can't adjust to new work, due to physical or mental impairment that will last or has lasted over 12 months or will result in death. Must be substantiated via a medical examination.

Answer 55

disability

Question 56

Brief, needs focused intervention that is provided after major disasters (e.g. flood, hurricane, tornado). These counselors focus on crisis intervention, meeting basic needs, and preparing for future recovery. It is not traditional psychotherapy.

Answer 56

disaster mental health counseling

Question 57

Revealing information that was previously unknown.

Answer 57

disclosure

Question 58

(1) To treat a person differently because of race, sex, ethnicity, religion, age, or gender. Often a form of prejudice. (2) In behaviorism, the ability of a person or animal to distinguish between two similar stimuli (e.g. blue bus vs. purple bus)

Answer 58

discrimination

Question 59

In Andrew Salter's conditioned reflex therapy, the therapeutic process of taking an individual who is inhibitory (i.e. not emotionally expressive) and helping that person to become excitatory (i.e. emotionally healthy and liberated in affect)

Answer 59

disinhibition

Question 60

A person who is unemployed due to layoffs or a business closing, moving, or downsizing.

Answer 60

dislocated worker

Question 61

A disease or something that is not considered normal.

Answer 61

disorder

Question 62

A state in which the individual is confused about what is going on. A person experiencing this may not know where they are, the date, the time, the place, or the year.

Answer 62

disoriented

Question 63

In statistics, the extent to which scores are spread out or clustered in relation to a given value, generally the mean.

Answer 63

dispersion

Question 64

A person who is unemployed but provides unpaid work in the home (e.g. stay-at-home parent). They may enter or re-enter the workforce when circumstances in the home change (e.g. the death of a spouse).

Answer 64

displaced homemaker

Question 65

An ego defense mechanism in which the individual is scared to show anger toward the actual individual they are angry at because of the possible repercussions. Therefore, the individual takes their anger out on a safe target. The difficulty with this mechanism is that since the individual is never dealing with the person who is causing the anger, the problem with that person cannot be resolved.

Answer 65

displacement

Question 66

A defense mechanism characterized by a pattern of thoughts or feelings that do not match the actual situation. A soldier in battle, for example, might erroneously think that the gunfire is merely fireworks and that the setting is an Independence Day celebration. Amnesia and Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) are common examples of these disorders. On occasion an individual will leave their environment and take on a whole new life, known as dissociative fugue.

Answer 66

dissociation/dissociative disorder

Question 67

Counseling not performed face-to-face or in person. Telephone counseling and internet counseling.

Answer 67

distance counseling

Question 68

In Virginia Satir's theory, an individual who will change the subject, be evasive, or engage in irrelevant topics to avoid closeness.

Answer 68

distracter communication style

Question 69

The act of spreading out practice or learning sessions is more effective than trying to learn or practice without a break (aka massed practice). Hence, a client might be advised to study a little each night rather than cramming in a long marathon study session prior to an exam.

Answer 69

distributed practice

Question 70

A statistical graph or other visual representation of the scores.

Answer 70

distribution

Question 71

(1) The term conveys the notion that people are not all alike. Differences in age, sexual orientation, culture, race, ethnicity, physical abilities, and religion are evident. People should practice inclusion and treat all people the same. (2) A difference of opinion. One group co-facilitator felt the client needed cognitive therapy, while the other was convinced she could benefit more from a psychoanalytic approach.

Answer 71

diversity

Question 72

A process practiced not only by attorneys but also by other specially trained mental health and social service professionals, to help the couple settle matters of custody and possessions out of court.

Answer 72

divorce mediation

Question 73

A teacher who helped improve conditions for mentally ill individuals and criminals. She was instrumental in founding or enlarging over 30 mental hospitals.

Answer 73

Dix, Dorothea Lynde (1802-1887)

Question 74

Usually referred to as fraternal twins, this term indicates that the twins were born from separate fertilized eggs called zygotes. Genetically speaking, these twins are no more genetically alike than brothers and sisters.

Answer 74

dizygotic twins

Question 75

Charting, recording, notes, about a client or program. Could be electronic such as entering the information into a computer or software system. Each organization typically has a procedure for documentation which students and employees must learn. This documentation must be protected in all forms under HIPAA. Supervisors often advise, "If you didn't write it in your recording or documentation, you didn't do it."

Answer 75

documentation and electronic accountability

Question 76

Violence, abuse, and harassment that occurs within a domestic setting, such as between married people or live-in partners)

Answer 76

domestic violence

Question 77

Also known as a no win or no escape situation, this dysfunctional form of paradoxical communication presents the recipient with two conflicting messages, thus the individual cannot totally comply (e.g. "Don't be so obedient!") This communication pattern was first illuminated by Gregory Bateson and is said to be evident in dysfunctional families. Some experts believe that if parents utilize this form of communication repeatedly, children begin to display schizophrenic tendencies.

Answer 77

double bind

Question 78

An experiment conducted in a manner such that neither the experimenters nor the subjects know who is getting the experimental variable. This type of research is required for studies of prescription medicines. The purpose of this type of study is to eliminate expectations or demand characteristics from the experiment.

Answer 78

double blind study

Question 79

Slang for barbiturates. Drugs of this nature can be extremely addictive and dangerous and withdrawal can be difficult.

Answer 79

downers

Question 80

Occurs when substance use such as cocaine and nicotine stimulate the reward center of the brain due to excess dopamine and this results in a reduced tendency to experience pleasure. The term anhedonia is often used to describe this condition.

Answer 80

down regulation

Question 81

Occurs when a business, agency, hospital, educational institution, or government program reduces the number of staff or employees.

Answer 81

downsizing

Question 82

A chromosomal abnormality that can cause intellectual disability, heart difficulties, reduced muscle tone, and a flat nose. Sometimes called trisomy 21 since an extra copy of chromosome 21 can be evident.

Answer 82

Down syndrome

Question 83

A norm-referenced projective/expressive test in which the person is asked to draw human figures. It is a nonverbal measure of intellectual ability and can be used as a projective measure of personality.

Answer 83

Draw-A-Person Test (DAP)

Question 84

(1) In psychoanalysis, making the hidden or so-called latent content of the dream conscious in order to analyze the meaning. (2) In gestalt therapy, analyzing the dream in the present moment to help integrate the personality.

Answer 84

dream work

Question 85

A set of rules that specify how employees or students should dress at an agency.

Answer 85

dress code

Question 86

The use of drugs, including alcohol, in a manner that threatens physical, social, or emotional well-being.

Answer 86

drug abuse

Question 87

Stand for the individual the president picks as the US director of drug policy and education.

Answer 87

drug czar

Question 88

Describes the notion that more and more of a given drug must be used to produce the same effect. Can occur with prescription or over-the-counter medicines.

Answer 88

drug habituation

Question 89

A place where drugs are made, sold, and used.

Answer 89

drug house

Question 90

Drug abusers often demonstrate a preference for one drug over all the drugs which they have experimented with.

Answer 90

drug of choice

Question 91

Items that facilitate the use of drugs such as needles or pipes.

Answer 91

drug paraphernalia

Question 92

Abbreviation for Doctor of Social Work or Doctor of Social Welfare. This degree often focuses on obtaining higher level practice and leadership skills. It is often obtained for higher level administrative and leadership positions.

Answer 92

DSW

Question 93

Used to describe a chemically dependent or addicted individual who also has another psychological disorder such as depression or panic disorder. AKA co-occurring disorders

Answer 93

dual diagnosis

Question 94

When there are two incomes within a family.

Answer 94

dual-income family

Question 95

The first stage of William Perry's theory of college students where truth is viewed as either right or wrong, or good or bad. An answer exists and can be learned for every problem.

Answer 95

dualism

Question 96

Occurs when the client's counselor also has another significant relationship with the client (e.g. related to the client, dating, counselor is the client's boss, etc.) All professional and ethical bodies frown on MOST dual relationships, as they get in the way of objectivity. Also known as multiple relationships. Can also be called nonprofessional relationships on exams.

Answer 96

dual relationships

Question 97

A negative acronym helpers use to describe a client as dumb, unintelligent, and disadvantaged. This mindset hinders the treatment process.

Answer 97

DUDs

Question 98

(1) In behavior modification, the length of time a behavior does or does not occur (e.g. the child engaged in head banging for 45 seconds). (2) In policy or a treatment setting, the length of time a program will operate (e.g. a one-year program to help flood victims) or (e.g. a three-week, one hour-a-week group to help clients experience panic attacks).

Answer 98

duration

Question 99

One of a few reasons why a professional must breach client confidentiality according to ethical codes. Often cited as being related to the Tarasoff court case, this responsibility of a professional to inform third parties or authorities if a client poses a threat to self or another varies widely between states.

Answer 99

duty to warn

Question 100

This term literally means two. In our profession it generally signifies a helper and a client. Also called a one-to-one or individual helping session. When there is a third person the term group can technically be applied.

Answer 100

dyad