A(1) 6- Human Development

Question 1

What amount of IQ is heritable? (1)
how does this change with age? (1)
how does demographics impact it? (1)

Answer 1

~40-50%

• in children it is LESS influenced by genetics (suggesting genetic determinants have more influence in shapint human inteligence at later ages)
• greater gentic effects in middle-class compared to lower-class African American (genes are weaker than poverty)

(genetics and environment have impact)

Question 2

Who are the stage theorests? (4)

Answer 2

Piaget
Freud
Gesell
Erikson

Question 3

What did Piagets development theory focus on? (1)
main points of his theory? (3)

Answer 3

epistemology
(study of knowledge development)

1. occurs in hierarchial stages
2. each stage is qualitatively different (not just quantitatively)
3. the stages consist of inariatn functons and all children undergo these sequentially

Question 4

Development concepts:
Temperament theory
(Thomas & Chess, Kagan)

Answer 4

temperaments are inherently biologically based

(temperament elicits environemtnal response that perpetuates a pattern of behaviour)

Question 5

Development concepts:
Organismic stage theory (Piaget)

Answer 5

development occurs in stages with transition occurring due to interaction of child with enviroment

(child as scientist)

Question 6

Development concepts:
Attachment Theory (Bowlby)

Answer 6

innate tendnacy to seek relationships influence patters of behaviour later in life

Question 7

Development concepts: Social learning theory (Bandura)

Answer 7

observational learning in childhood influences later behaviour

Question 8

Development concepts:
Psychosexual stage theory (Freud)

Answer 8

stage-specific behaviours are driven by inner conflicts and resulting anxiety signals. Successful resolution of conflicts aid progressive maturation

Question 9

Development concepts: Maturational Growth theory (Gesell)

Answer 9

Development is primarily biologically determined

maturation of the nervous system is principle driver of various human behaviours

Question 10

Development concepts: Psychosocial stage theroy (Erikson)

Answer 10

psychosocial developmental stages are characteristed by conflicts, but the successful resolution is not mandatory for further development

Question 11

Development concepts:
Collaborative learning theory (Vygotsky)

Answer 11

development not private; child is an apprentice in their surroundings rather than scientist

Question 12

Freuds psychosexual model stages

Answer 12

1. oral stage
   birth - 18m
2. anal stage
   18m - 3y
3. phallic stage
   3-5y
4. oedipal stage
   2-6y
5. latency stage
   6y- puberty
6. genital stage
   puberty- adulthood

Question 13

Freuds psychosexual model stages: oral stage

Answer 13

suckling and putting things in mouth

conflict: want to nurse but also want to bite/spit

Question 14

Freuds psychosexual model stages: anal stage

Answer 14

18 months to 3 years

anal senstation, production of faeces, later ability to withold faeces

conflicts: need to control sphincter and avoid shame, but not so much that there is retention

Question 15

Freuds psychosexual model stages: phalic stage

Answer 15

manipulation of penis

boys = Oedipal complex
girls= Electra complex

Question 16

Freuds psychosexual model stages: oedipal phase (during phallic phase)

Answer 16

desire of opposite-sex parent; wish to kill same-sex parent

boys; love mother vs fear of castration by father
girls; attachment to father

Question 17

Freuds psychosexual model stages: latency

Answer 17

6 years- puberty

period of relative quiescene of sexual thoughts

anxieties from previous phase repressed

Oral - Anal - Phallic - Oedipal - Latency - Genital (pubery->adult)

Question 18

Freuds psychosexual model stages: genital stage

Answer 18

puberty - adulthood

sexual drive returns with greater strength

improper resoltion of previous phases may manifest in symbolic ways

Question 19

Stress vulnerability model: what is it? (1)
who developed it? (1)

Answer 19

Zibin & Spring (1977)

mental illness is a double hit of two factors which cause it

could be bio/ psycho/ social

some people more vulnerable than others

Question 20

What did Caspi et al (2003) find out about gene-environment interactions regarding stress vulnerability? (1)

Answer 20

Individuals with the short allele of the serotonin transporter gene are more vulnerable to depression following stressful life events

those with short allele of the 5-HT T promoter polymorphism exhibited more depressive symptoms in relation to stressful life evetns than individuals homoxygous of the gene

Question 21

What is a ‘critical period’ regarding gene-environment interactions? (1)
when are people most sensitive? (1)

Answer 21

when someone most vulnerable (can be biological or psychosocial event)

early childhood sensitive period due to brain development

adolescence also critical period/ life transitions

Question 22

Three types of stress response in children (3)

Answer 22

1. Positive stress response
2. Tolerable stress response
3. Toxic stress response

Question 23

positive stress response (1)

Answer 23

growth promoting opportunity

brief, mild response moderated by caring and responsible adult

e.g. vaccination, first day of nursery

Question 24

tolerable stress resonse (1)

Answer 24

exposure to non-normative experience with greater magnitude of adversity

when buffered, long term consequences greatly reduced

e.g. death of family member/ serious illlness

Question 25

toxic stress response (1)

Answer 25

strong, frequent or prolonged activation of stress e.g. neglect, substance abuse of a parent, maternal depression

Question 26

Methods for studying child development

Answer 26

can use cross-sectional but longitudional designs better for looking at same child studies twice (although time consuming)

Question 27

What did Bowlby mean by monotropy? (1)

Answer 27

innate tendency to attach to ones adult female

Question 28

when does attachment behaviour peak

Answer 28

12-18 months

Question 29

Bowlby attachment stages (3)

Answer 29

1. Preattachment (birth to 8-12 weeks) 2. Indiscriminate attachment (8-12 weeks to 6 months) 3. Clear-cut attachment (6 to 24 months); separatrion anxiety, object permenance, stranger anxiety 25 months --> mother independence

Question 30

In the Glasgow Baby Study, what did Schaffer & Emerson (1964) find?

Answer 30

at 8 months specific attachments start babies can distinguish between primary (usually mother) vs secondary attachments

Question 31

Harlows experiments and monkeys

Answer 31

the importance of contact comfort (moneys prefered surrogate mother covered in cloth rather than wire monkey)

Question 32

Ainsworth's experiments what is it? (1) type of attachement? (4)

Answer 32

strange situation experiement 2 separation and 2 reunion episodes Type A: Anxious avoidant (15%) Indifferent to mum leaving or arriving. distress when alone. Comforted by stranger. Perpetrators of bullyng. Type B: Secure (70%). Plays independently when mum there. Distress when leaving. Comforted by mum not stranger. Type C: Anxious resistant (15%). Attached to mum. His distress when mum leaves, not comforted on return, ambivalent about her return. Greated in Japanese and Israeili families. Common in victims of bullying Type D: Disorganised. Avoids mum. These are due to the waulity of the caregiver, not qualities of the child.

Question 33

What is Main's semi-structured adult attachment interview? (1)

Answer 33

AAI an hour long semi-structured interview about individuals experiences with their primary caregivers 15 items based on premise that infantile attachment patterns can be predicted using discourse analysis of adults recollecting their childhood Type A--> dismissing of experiences Type B--> secure autonomous Type C--> entangled Type D--> disorganised, illogical flow

Question 34

When children are deprived of parental care from their mother or a mother substitute during infancy and in the first few years of life which of the following conditions can develop? ADHD Autism Anaclitic depression Childhood schizophrenia Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder

Answer 34

Anaclitic depression proposed by Spitz when hospitalised for physical problems, you get anaclitic (object loss) depression, due to loss of pruamry caregiver conterproductive to development recovery is good if separation kept minimal (i.e. <3 months)

Question 35

separation-individuation theory: who proposed it? (1) what is it? (1)

Answer 35

Margaret Mahler development of sense of identify in young children independent of their mothers

Question 36

Rutter distinguished deprivation from privation (2)

Answer 36

Deprivation (LOSS OR LONG TERM UNAVAILABILITY): attachment formed but lost temporarily though a period which produces distress. More common 8m -> 3 yr Privation (NEVER AVILABLE): non-formation of attachment; rare. leads to 'affectionles psychopathy" and developmental retardation.

Question 37

Who introduced object relations theory Alfred Adler Carl Gustav Jung Sigmund Freud Anna Freud Melanie Klein

Answer 37

Melanie Klein the ego exists only in relation to other objects

Question 38

ethology

Answer 38

biological study of animal behaviour

Question 39

Kleinian theory

Answer 39

- SIPDOG defences (splitting, introjection, projective identification, denial, omnipotence, grandiosity - not age specific stages - weaning symbolically equivalent to castration - infant posessses instinctual knowledge of the body - maintatined oedipal development occureced eralier than Freud envisaged - play interpretation was the major technique employed

Question 40

Winnicott's concepts RE child play

Answer 40

occurs in transitional zone (between relaity and fantasy)

Question 41

Winnicott's concepts: all except - potential space - transitional object - object permenance - holding environment - pathological mother

Answer 41

Object permanence (this was Jean Piaget) also: - transitional zone - transitional object - good enough mother (mum need not be perfect) - theory of multiple self-organisations (parental control and impositions can lead to developemnt of false self-different from the real self

Question 42

Parenting: quality vs quantitiy?

Answer 42

Quality more important than quantity

Question 43

Who descrbied the four main parenting styles

Answer 43

Maccoby and Martin (Demanding vs Undemanding, responsive vs unresponsive) Authoritative Authoritarian Indulgent Neglectful

Question 44

New York Longituational study assessed what? (1) who conducted it? (1)

Answer 44

Thomas and Chess study of 138 children across 30 years looking at temperamental dimensions

Question 45

Identify the temperamental dimension not included originally by Buss and Plomin in their temperamental survey: Activity Impulsivity Attention span and persistence Sociability Emotionality EAS model (Buss & Plomin, 1984): what did it assess? (1)

Answer 45

Attention span and persistence three major dimensions of temperament 1. Emtionality 2. Activity 3. Sociability views temperament as inherited personality traits exhibited in early life The initial model of Buss and Plomin featured four temperamental dimensions: emotionality, activity, sociability, and impulsivity.

Question 46

What are Erikson's stages of development assessing? (1) How do they differ from Freud's stages? (1) List the 8 phases (8) 1- Infancy (0-1yr) 2- Early Childhood (1-3yr) 3- Preschool (3-6yrs) 4- School age (6-12yr) 5- Adolescence (12-18yr) 6- Young Adulthood (18-40yr) 7- Middle adulthood (40-65yr) 8- Late Adulthood (65yr+) - trust - industry - intimacy - generativity - autonomy - initiative - integrity - identity

Answer 46

psychosocial development coincide with Freud's psychosexual stages but extend beyond adolescence each stage **needent** be resolved before the next starts 1- Infancy (0-1yr) trust vs mistrust 2- Early Childhood (1-3yr) autonomy vs shame 3- Preschool (3-6yrs) initiative vs guilt 4- School age (6-12yr) industry vs inferiority 5- Adolescence (12-18yr) identity vs role confusion 6- Young Adulthood (18-40yr) intimacy vs isolation 7- Middle adulthood (40-65yr) generativity vs stagnation 8- Late Adulthood (65yr+) integrity vs despair

Question 47

What is a schema (described by Piaget)? (1) adaptation? (1) equilibartion? (1)

Answer 47

a basic building block or unit of intelligent behaviour adaptation is the process of fitting new scheams to envuronemtnal information equilibration is achieved when all information fits into the schemas via adaptation

Question 48

Of all the sensory systems, which is least developed at birth

Answer 48

vision

Question 49

what is a phoneme? (1) what is a morpheme? (1)

Answer 49

Phonemes are units of sound Morphemes are units of meaning Phonemes are sounds, not letters. (For instance, the letter “x” actually represents two phonemes: /k/ + /s/.) there are 46 phonemes in the English language

Question 50

what is syntax? (1)

Answer 50

the rules for combining phrases and sentences

Question 51

who develops language slower?

Answer 51

boys larger families twins social classes 4 and 5 those that lack spech simulation e.g. deaf and neglected

Question 52

Stages of language development?

Answer 52

1. Pre-linguistic state (0-12 m) - crying, cooing by 6 weeks, then babbling (repetative production fo sppech sounds) 2. One word stage (12m-18m) - earliest words are context bound - holophrases are one-word substitutes for whole phrases or sentences

Question 53

at 18 months how many words can children speak

Answer 53

40 words

Question 54

when can children understand early grammar and syntax

Answer 54

36 months (48 months for correct use of grammar)

Question 55

what is the social interaction view of language? (1) what is the mother referred to in this? (1)

Answer 55

adults like the mother act as LASS (langauge acquisition support system)

Question 56

castration anxiety: what does this cause according to Freudian theory? (1) - latency - oral - genital - anal - phallic

Answer 56

**PHALLIC** sons are worried they'll get castrated as they fight for their mums love with their father this anxiety --> repression of such desire and identification with ones father from whom the superego morality is incorporated; thus moral development is achieved via the development of the superego (the part of the mind responsible for conscience, guilt, and moral reasoning. The superego is like the internal “voice” of authority that guides behavior according to social and moral norms) In short: Castration anxiety → repression of desire for the mother → identification with the father → internalization of father’s morals → development of the superego → moral development.

Question 57

the superego is stronger in women or men? (1)

Answer 57

weaker in women (boys have stronger anxiety from castration anxiety from the father, than girls do from the mother)

Question 58

Who proposed theory of mind? (1)

Answer 58

Piaget proposed alterative to Freudian moral development theory: that morality was based on the ability of older children to have social perspective Piaget’s social perspective theory suggests that young children are initially egocentric and unable to see things from another person’s point of view; with cognitive development, they gradually learn to decentre and understand others’ perspectives — a foundation for Theory of Mind.

Question 59

Piaget's Moral development theory: 5-9 years? >10 years?

Answer 59

1) 5–9 → “Rules are rigid” (heteronomous) 2) >10 → “Rules are relative” (autonomous) 5-9 years - unilateral respect for external law (seniors make the rules, they are scared, so they follow them) - moral realist: strong penalty is paid for crime; can be collective punishment to deliver justice (punishing perpetrator more important than not hurting the innocent) - imminent justice: world is just - a misfortune will punish the deserved - heteronomous morality: subject to rules written by others > 10 years: - mutual respect for self-invented law - internal responsibility holds for crime - moral relativism: punishment should match the crime; does not accept collective punishment - no imminent justice - autonomous morality: rules can be self-made Contrasts 1. **Kohlberg stages of moral development**: preconventional, conventional, post-conventional 2. Bandura social learning theory

Question 60

What is Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

Answer 60

1. Stagewise process 2. There are 3 levels and 6 stages 3. Focuses on **why** people make moral judgments rather than **what** judgments they make Stages: 1. Pre-conventional Level: follow rules due to punishment 2. Conventional Level: follow rules because they want to gain approval and maintain relationships (authority orientation) 3. Post-conventional Level: follow rules because of moral principles

Question 61

Kohlberg's theory of moral developent: - Level 1 (pre-convesntional morality) - Level 2 (conventional morality) - Level 3 (postconvential morality) Give ages, and what each are

Answer 61

- Level 1 (pre-convesntional morality) 7-12 years children decived right or wrong according to consequences (if action leads to punishment then it must be bad, if reward it must be good) punishment and obedience orientation "tit for tat" - Level 2 (conventional morality) 13-16 years the social rules determine whats acceptable/ unacceptable concordance orientation (what pleases others is right) social order or authority orientation: upholds laws and social rules to avoid authorities and feelings of guilt "Good girl/ good boy approach" - Level 3 (postconvential morality) 16-20 yeras what is right is determiend by ones individual understanding of unviersal ethical principles (abstract and ill-defined) legalistic orientation or social contract self-chosen ethical principles only 15% achieve level 3

Question 62

main critiques of Kohlberg's stages (2)

Answer 62

androcentric (all male sample) eurocentric well correlated with 'moral reasoning', but they are not associated with actual behaviour

Question 63

What is emotional literacy? (1) Five components? (5)

Answer 63

emotional intelligence (Steine, 1997) 1. knowing your feelings 2. sense of empathy 3. learning to manage emotions 4. reparing emotional problems 5. emotional interactivity (pulling it together)

Question 64

at what age are children able to unconciously regulate their emotions? (1) at what age can they tolerate ordinary, brief frustrations and handle minor disappointments? (1)

Answer 64

1 years 3 years

Question 65

According to Coles studies, how did observations of childs resonsees to situations vary: 18-24 months 36 months 48 months

Answer 65

**The “2–3–4 Rule” Trick** As age increases.. Anger 🔴 goes down Self-distraction 🟢 goes up 18-24 months - 2= too mad - quick anger, terrible at distracting, turns to mum but still upset 36 months - 3= trying - quicker to distract - anger was briefer, distractions longer 48 months - 4= "for real control" - quick to distract themselves

Question 66

how are imaginary companions part of emotional development?

Answer 66

often part of development ~50% of preschoolers have usually children with above average intelligence usually people not animals/things used to reduce loneliness and anxiety may disappear by 12, occasionally persists into adulthood

Question 67

Developmental fears (onset of phobias): - 3 yrs - 4-5yrs - 5+ yrs - ~7yrs - ~8yr - 5-10 yrs - late childhood/ adult life - teenage onwards - ~20yrs - no age trend

Answer 67

- 3 yrs: animals - 4-5yrs: dark - 5+ yrs: imaginary creatures - ~7yrs: onset of animal phobias - ~8yr: blood/ injection/ injruy - 5-10 yrs: natural environment phobia - late childhood/ adult life: sex/ open spaces - teenage onwards: failure, illlness and death - ~20yrs: situational phobia - no age trend: snakes and storms

Question 68

What is the Band Aid phase? (1)

Answer 68

children age 3-6 years are preoccupied with illness and injury and every injury must be examined and cared for

Question 69

Marcia's theory on adolescence

Answer 69

**Focus:** How adolescents form a personal identity. 4x4 square: - Have they explored? - Have they committed? D → F → M → A Diffusion - Foreclosure - Moratorium - Achievement 1. Identity **Diffusion** No exploration, no commitment. Adolescent hasn’t decided who they are or what they want. 2. Identity **Foreclosure** Commitment without exploration. Choices (e.g., career, beliefs) are made based on others’ expectations (parents, society). 3. Identity **Moratorium** Exploration without commitment. Adolescents are actively trying out options but haven’t settled yet. 4. Identity **Achievement** Exploration + Commitment. Adolescent has explored options and made their own informed choices.

Question 70

What did Erikson mean by "adolescent turmoil"? (1)

Answer 70

the emotional conflict teens feel while exploring and forming their identity.

Question 71

Marcia's adolescent theory: what is moratorium? (1)

Answer 71

experiences height of crises but postpones decisions until alternative identities are tried (fancy way of saying low comittment, high exploration)

Question 72

Marcia's adolescent identity theory: What is identity "achievement? (1)

Answer 72

most mature achievement - most desirable high commitment high exploration

Question 73

Macia's adolescent theory: What is foreclosure? (1)

Answer 73

avoids anxietites by prematurely committing to safe and conventional parental and societal goals and beliefs high comittment, low exploration

Question 74

Menarche: average age? (1) age is increasing or decreasing? (1)

Answer 74

12.5 years globally age falling over last 50 years

Question 75

What accelerates puberty? (1)

Answer 75

Stress; with familial disruption and father absenteeism one of the most effective stressors

Question 76

Precocious puberty ages for boys and girls (2)

Answer 76

8 in girls 9 in boys

Question 77

What are Jane Loevinger's 9 stages of ego and personal identify development

Answer 77

Symbiotic – Infant’s self undifferentiated from caregivers. Impulsive – Behavior driven by impulses and immediate needs. Self-Protective – Focus on self-interest and avoiding punishment. Conformist – Identity tied to group norms and approval. Self-Aware – Begins personal responsibility and awareness of motives. Conscientious – Reflects on behavior, sets personal goals and standards. Individualistic – Recognizes complexity of self and others. Autonomous – Flexible, tolerant, and values interdependence. Integrated – Fully developed, stable, reconciles inner conflicts.

Question 78

what is the equity theory of relationships

Answer 78

People feel happiest in relationships when the ratio of what they give and receive is balanced. (cost-benefit)

Question 79

Who proposed 'Midlife Crisis'? - Jacques - Freud - Erikson - Marcia

Answer 79

Elliot Jacques he said it was a critical stage in development 40-45 years

Question 80

What is 'downshifting'?

Answer 80

voluntarya opting out of pressurised career and giving up well-paid job in favour of fulfilling life (anti-urbanism)

Question 81

5 stages of bereavement (Parkes)

Answer 81

1. Alarm 2. Numbness 3. Pining for the deceased (illusions or hallucinations of the deceased can occur) 4. Depression 5. Reorganisation (recovery)

Question 82

Old age theories: Social disengagement theory (1)

Answer 82

mutual withdrawal of society and the individual occurs; increaded individuality and shrinking life space are inevitable moves towards death

Question 83

Old age theories: social reengagement theory

Answer 83

AGEIST SOCIETY (really a **non** engagement) forced withdrawal from society

Question 84

Old age theories: social exchange theory

Answer 84

age robs people of abiltlity to engage in reciprocal roles

Question 85

Old age theories: socio-emotional selectivity theory

Answer 85

wise investments of social energy in old age is to limit social interaciton to those who are most familiar e.g. Focus is on emotional satisfaction and meaningful relationships.

Question 86

Phases of retirement

Answer 86

1. Pre-retirement 2. Honeymoon phase 3. Dienchantment slowing down occurs, feels let down, worse if inadequately prepared for retirement 4. Reorientation (explores new avenues) 5. Stability 6. Termination (frality an ddeath)

Question 87

What is canalization in developmental genetics? (1)

Answer 87

certain behaviours are strongly genetically determined (canalised) e.g. crawling others aren't e.g. cycling

Question 88

What is niche-pciking? (1)

Answer 88

genetic make-up contributes to propensities towards certain skills/ abilities, which the child then seeks (it does not actually ontribute to the skills themselves)

Question 89

Types of gene-environment interaction: - passive - evocative - active

Answer 89

- Passive: Parents provide both genes and an environment that matches their own genetic tendencies. - Evocative: An individual’s genetic traits elicit specific responses from others in their environment. - Active: An individual actively seeks out environments that align with and reinforce their genetic predispositions.

Question 90

Klein's depressive position is related to the proess of learning to cope with which conflict? (1)

Answer 90

ambivalence

Question 91

What are Klein's emotional positions?

Answer 91

She said we all move between two basic emotional “positions” (not stages you pass through once, but patterns of thinking and feeling that can come back throughout life): **Paranoid–schizoid position:** Occurs in early infancy, when the baby splits experiences into “good” and “bad” objects (e.g., the good breast that feeds vs. the bad breast that frustrates), unable to see that both belong to the same person. Anxiety here centres on fear of persecution by the “bad” object. **Depressive position:** Develops later, as the infant realises the loved and hated aspects belong to the same whole person. This brings guilt and sadness over destructive feelings toward the loved object, and leads to efforts at reparation and more integrated, mature relationships.

Question 92

What is demonstrated by the Rouge Test?

Answer 92

sense of self and self recognition spot of rouge is placed on infnats nose then they're put infront of a mirror at 24 months children don't show self recognition 2+ they reach for their own nose

Question 93

Langauge Acquisition device was proposed by who

Answer 93

Noam Chomsky

Question 94

stranger fear peaks at

Answer 94

1 year

Question 95

drawing what is ussed as a non verbal method of assessing chiidrens cognitive abilities? (1) between what ages is this used? (1)

Answer 95

drawing people between 3-6 yrs of age its used to trace growth

Question 96

ecogentrism who defined by? what stage is it present in?

Answer 96

technical term by Piaget cognitiive state of child in pre-operational statge where they can only comprehend the world from their point of view

Question 97

imprinting is characteristed by

Answer 97

- critical period - lifelong retention - irreversibility - specificty

Question 98

Kohlberg's (1966) classic stage theory of gender development proposed that children are able to correclty identify their gender by what age 2 years of age 4 years of age Puberty 7 years of age 1 year of age

Answer 98

2 years they propose that their gener remains stableacross time

Question 99

Difference gender identity, role and awareness?

Answer 99

Gender identity: A person’s internal sense of their own gender, whether male, female, a blend, or neither. Gender role: The societal expectations and behaviors considered appropriate for a particular gender. Sexual orientation: The pattern of a person’s emotional, romantic, or sexual attraction to others. Gender awareness: Recognition and understanding of gender differences, inequalities, and biases in society.

Question 100

identity vs role confusion: which theory? (1) age? (1)

Answer 100

13 years - 21 years Erik Erikson

Question 101

superego is formed at what stage - phallic - anal - latency - oral - genital

Answer 101

latency stage (6 years to puberty (~11-13yrs))

Question 102

Childrens play stages: - solitary play - parrallel play - symbolic play - co-operative play - rule governed play

Answer 102

- solitary play - parallel play (2 years)/ symbolic play e.g. using pretend phone - co-operative pay (3 years) - rule-governed play (~5yrs)

Question 103

age of Mary Ainsworth's strange situation experiment

Answer 103

1 year to 18 months

Question 104

age of babbling

Answer 104

6 months

Question 105

age of cooing

Answer 105

6 weeks

Question 106

Ainsworth strange experiment: child shows no preference between mother and a complete stranger

Answer 106

insecurely attached anxious avoidant behaiour

Question 106

at 18 months of age, what % of infants have multiple attachments - 87 - 18 - 50 - 3 - 5

Answer 106

87%

Question 107

objectives relation theory who proposed it?

Answer 107

Melanie Klein Early caregiver relationships form internal “templates” (mental models) that shape how we think, feel, and behave in relationships throughout life.

Question 108

Erik Erikson stages; 7 year old boy struggling at school - what stage? (1)

Answer 108

Industry vs inferiority (stage 4 = 5 to 13 years, child develops new skills and takes pride in things made however, if unprepared for this stage they may feel inferior or inadequate)

Question 109

Erik Erikson: what is the final stage? (1) age this occurs? (1)

Answer 109

integrity vs despair (8th stage) from 60 years until death

Question 110

EAS developmental model: who described by? (1) what does it stand for? (1)

Answer 110

(Buss and Plomin) Emotionality Activity Sociability heritable are evolutionarily important genetic early onset

Question 111

Rapproachment: age? (1) what is it? (1)

Answer 111

Mahler’s separation–individuation theory 18-24 months children slowly realise their helplessness and dependence, they start to need closeness

Question 112

What is "animism"?

Answer 112

to young children’s tendency to attribute human qualities—like feelings, thoughts, or intentions—to non-human objects (such as toys, the sun, or the wind)

Question 113

Four stages of Piaget's cognitive development? (4)

Answer 113

1. Sensorimotor (0-2yr) learning through senses and actions, object permanence 2. Preoperational (2-7yr) developing language and imagination 3. Concrete Operational (7-11yr) logical thinking, understanding conversation and reversibility 4. Formal Operational (12+ yr) abstract and hypothetical thinking emerges, formulate hypotheses and carry out deductive reasoning

Question 114

a child using meaningful words without connecting words how old are they? (1) at what age can they achieve grammatically paired words?

Answer 114

18-30 months (telegraphic speech) at this stage parents use motherese (short, simple raised pitched paraphrased language directed at infants) at 24 months they can achieve grammatically paired words and know >240 words

Question 115

Transitional objects: what are they? (1) who described them? (1) age most important? (1)

Answer 115

Transitional objects are comforting items — like a blanket, soft toy, or dummy (pacifier) — that a young child uses to provide security and emotional support, especially when separated from their primary caregiver (often the mother). Winnicott most important aged 2.5 years

Question 116

Margaret Mahler: what theory did she develop? 3 stages (3)

Answer 116

separation-individuation theory 1. Normal Autistic Phase (Birth – ~1 month) The infant is in a self-absorbed, inward-focused state. The baby is not yet aware of the external world or the mother as a separate being. Primary concern is basic physiological needs (feeding, warmth, sleep). Mahler later viewed this phase as shorter and less distinct than she first proposed — some modern theorists question its existence. 2. Normal Symbiotic Phase (~1–5 months) The infant begins to recognize the caregiver as a source of need satisfaction but still experiences the relationship as a fusion — a single, shared existence with the mother. There is no clear sense of individuality; the baby feels “one with” the mother. "aware of his mother but has no sense of individuality" 3. Separation–Individuation Phase (~5–24 months) This is the core of Mahler’s theory. The infant gradually differentiates from the caregiver and develops a stable sense of self.

Question 117

According to Thomas and Chess, what % of children are difficult? (1)

Answer 117

10% (40% have 'easy' temperament)

Question 118

what Piaget stage does the three mountain stage apply to? (1)

Answer 118

pre-operational children (egocentrism) The child is shown a model of three mountains of different sizes and features. A doll is placed on the opposite side of the mountains. The child is asked to describe what the doll sees or choose a picture showing the doll’s view.

Question 119

Stages of bereavement: three stages (3)

Answer 119

1- initial shock, denial (minutes/ days) 2- acute discomfort (weeks/ months) 3- culminating period of restitution and reorganisation (months/ years)

Question 120

Which isn't associated with Winnicott? - potential space - transitional object - object permenence - holding environment - pathological mother

Answer 120

object permanence (Piaget) Potential space: The intermediate psychological space between the infant’s inner world and external reality where play and creativity occur. Transitional object: An item (like a blanket or toy) that provides comfort and helps the child manage separation from the caregiver. Object permanence: The understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight. Holding environment: The caregiver’s responsive and supportive environment that meets the infant’s emotional and physical needs. Pathological mother: A caregiver whose emotional unavailability or inconsistent responses disrupt the child’s healthy psychological development.

Question 121

Visual acuity meets near adult levels by what age? (1) colour vision? (1)

Answer 121

6 months 4 months= colour vision and accommodation

Question 122

Theory of Mind: what is impaired theory of mind associated with?

Answer 122

ASD

Question 123

Thomas and Chess: how many dimensions of temperament were identified Three Nine Eight Twelve Six

Answer 123

9 activity level, distractibility, adaptability, attention span, intensity, threshold of responsiveness, quality of mood, rhythmicity, and approach/withdrawal.

Question 124

What stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory do you get primitive self-recognition? (1)

Answer 124

sensorimotor stage

Question 125

When do self-conscious emotions, like jealousy, shame, guild, and empathy arise?

Answer 125

~3 years (they require a sense of self which develops ~24 months)

Question 126

How do initiation ceremonies impact negative transition and risk taking?

Answer 126

REDUCE it (a rite of passage ceremony marking entrance or acceptance into a group or society)

Question 127

Who said children have an "innate state of helplessness and would most likely perish without a caregiver"? (1) - Freud - Klein - Mahler - Erikson - Bowlby

Answer 127

Bowlby Bowlby showed that early relationships with caregivers are crucial for emotional, social, and cognitive development

Question 128

Bucharest Early Intervention Project

Answer 128

the ONLY RCT of foster care as alternative to institutional care for orphaned/ abandoned children

Question 129

when is peek-a-boo first enjoyed by a child - 6 months - 3 years - 18 months - 9 months

Answer 129

9 months (object permeance starts at 9 months)

Question 130

parenting style that is very flexible then suddenly can be quite harsh

Answer 130

permissive parenting

Question 131

Kubler-Ross stages of coping in those facing death

Answer 131

Stage 1: shock/denial Stage 2: anger Stage 3: bargaining Stage 4: depression Stage 5: acceptance

Question 132

According to Vygotsky's developmental theory, what refers to functions that are in the "pipeline"? (1) Zone of proximal development Zone of terminal development Zone of intermittent development Zone of accommodation Zone of assimilation

Answer 132

zone of proximal development

Question 133

Which Piaget stage does egocentrism apply to

Answer 133

preoperational stage

Question 134

Which fear is not characteristic in infancy - fear of strange people - separation anxiety - fear of dark - fear of falling - fear of loud noises

Answer 134

fear of dark (happens age 4-5 years)

Question 135

When do children get fear of animals Later childhood Infancy Early childhood Adult life Preschool children

Answer 135

preschool

Question 136

In which Mahler stage is a child "aware of his mother but has no sense of individuality"

Answer 136

Symbiosis stage

Question 137

AAI: individuals who become emotionally overwhelmed when discussing childhood caregiving experiences are classified as having - autonomous - autocratic - preoccupied/ entangled - dismissing - unresolved/ disorganised

Answer 137

preoccupied/ entangled Four main attachments: 1. autonomous (secure) 2. dismissing 3. preoccupied/ entangled (emotionally overwhelmed) 4. unresolved/ disorganised

Question 138

Semiotic function: what is it? (1) what Piaget stage? (1)

Answer 138

preoperational period (2-7 years) a child’s ability to use symbols, signs, or images to represent objects, actions, or experiences that are not physically present e.g. - using a banana as a phone - Using the word “car” to talk about a car they saw earlier

Question 139

Within the theory of mind, what age does it develop? when does the ability to conceptualise false beliefs develop? (1)

Answer 139

3 years 4 years= conceptualise people have false beliefs

Question 140

Who developed Introversion and Extroversion? (1)

Answer 140

Winnicott

Question 141

Piagets cognitive theory: solving new problems using existing schemata is termed

Answer 141

assimilation

Question 142

What is an 'Easy' temperament (Chess and Thomas)

Answer 142

40% of children regularity, positive response to new stimuli, rapid adaptability to change, mild/moderate predominantly positive intensity of mood

Question 143

first social smile age

Answer 143

6 weeks

Question 144

Transductive reasoning: what stage of Piaget's model?

Answer 144

pre-operational development (Piaget) - 2-7years focuses on concrete instances and does not follow principle of induction or deductive reasoning *illogical cause-and-effect thinking based on coincidence rather than logic, typical of early childhood* e.g. **“I was naughty, that’s why it rained.”**

Question 145

what stage of Piaget can a child perceive volume in water is the same in a tall glass vs short one

Answer 145

Concrete operational (observe that although shapes may change the objects maintain or conserve other characteristics)

Question 146

average age puberty boys

Answer 146

11-12years

Question 147

non-formation of attachment; rare. leads to 'affectionles psychopathy" and developmental retardation. Privation Deprivation Anaclitic depression Enmeshed attachment Detachment

Answer 147

privation (described but Rutter)

Question 148

what term used by Thomas and Chess to describe reciprocal relationship between a baby's temperament and social environment Regularity Consonance Rhythmicity Goodness of at Adaptability

Answer 148

goodness of fit

Question 149

separation-individuation phase lasts from: 2 to 5 months 5 months to 5 years 10 to 18 months 0 to 2 months 18 to 24 months

Answer 149

5 months to 5 years (Margaret Mahler)

Question 150

what is restricted language code

Answer 150

short, incomplete sentences focusing on present

Question 151

adult speech (grammatical sentences) is usually achieved at

Answer 151

5 years

Question 152

Define: Social disengagement theory Social (non) reengagement theory Social exchange theory Socio-emotional selectivity theory

Answer 152

Social disengagement theory: Mutual withdrawal of society and the individual occurs; increased individuality and shrinking life space are inevitable moves towards death. Social (non) reengagement theory (aka activity loss theory): Ageist society reduces the social interaction that older adults can have; withdrawal is not mutual, but forced. Social exchange theory: Age robs people off the ability to engage in reciprocal roles; retirement is a special social contract where productivity is exchanged for increased leisure and decreased responsibilities. Socio-emotional selectivity theory: Wise investment of social energy in old age is to limit social interaction to those who are most familiar.

Question 153

precosious pubety in girls

Answer 153

8

Question 154

predictors of later delinquent behaviour from the Cambridge study by Farrington et al. Which is incorrect? - low IQ - parental depression - family criminality - low educational attainment - antisocial behaviour

Answer 154

parental depression (other factors to add include poor parental child-rearing behaviour, family poverty, hyperactivity impulsitivity attention deficit)

Question 155

Is unconcious, preconcious and conscious structural or topographic? (1)

Answer 155

topographic

Question 156

which of the following cognitive functions is **unlikely** to be affected secondary to working memory dysfunction: - error detection - long term recall - executive function - decision making - anterograde episodic memory

Answer 156

long term recall - Error detection – relies on monitoring and updating information → affected - Executive function – planning, reasoning, and problem-solving → affected - Decision making – requires holding options and consequences in mind → affected - Anterograde episodic memory – forming new memories depends on working memory to encode information → affected

Question 157

Which theories attempts to explain gender differences - stimulus preparendness - social learning - attachment theory - social exchange theory - Kohlbergs theory

Answer 157

social learning theory

Question 158

which arises around 3years - disgust - fear - sadness - surprise - guilt

Answer 158

guilt primary emotions (joy, sadnes, anger, fear, disgust, suprise) = first 6 months self-consious emtions develop around 3 years e.g. guilt, shame, jealousy, empthy

Question 159

forced withdrawal from society in older adults - social exchange theory - midlife crisis theory - socio-emotional selectivity theory - social disengagement throy - social reengagement theory

Answer 159

social reengagement theory

Question 160

Good-enough mother - Rutter - Charcot - Kanner - Freud - Winnicott

Answer 160

Winnicott

Question 161

strange situation test: child is rigid, frozen when mum returns and doesnt seek cntact with her - disorganised - anxious avoidant - anxious resistrant - absnece of attachment - securely attached

Answer 161

disorganised (Child may approach the caregiver but suddenly freeze, show fear, or avoid. Often associated with abuse, neglect, or frightening caregiving) Anxious-avoidant= AVOIDS caregiver, is independent Anxious-resistant= CLINGY, difficult to sooth

Question 162

Erik Erikson: when did industr5y vs inferiority - 13-21y - 3-5y - 40-60y - 5-13y - 2-3y

Answer 162

5-13y 1- Infancy (0-1yr) trust vs mistrust 2- Early Childhood (1-3yr) autonomy vs shame 3- Preschool (3-6yrs) initiative vs guilt 4- School age (6-12yr) industry vs inferiority 5- Adolescence (12-18yr) identity vs role confusion 6- Young Adulthood (18-40yr) intimacy vs isolation 7- Middle adulthood (40-65yr) generativity vs stagnation 8- Late Adulthood (65yr+) integrity vs despair

Question 163

age separation anxiety - 3 months - 5 months - 12 months

Answer 163

12 months (10-18m)

Question 164

Child enjoys playing with other children and learning new things at school. What stage of Freud development?

Answer 164

Latency phase

Question 165

'ageist society reduced social interaction of older adults' - social exchanged theory - mid life crisis theory - socio emotional selectivity theory - social disengagement theory - social reengagement theory

Answer 165

Social reengagement theory

Question 166

Who is not neo-Freudian - Piaget - Horney - Fromm - Alfred Adler - Sullivan

Answer 166

Piaget

Question 167

precocious puberty in girls - 7 - 8 - 9 - 10

Answer 167

8

Question 168

An 18-month-old child is aware of her vulnerability to separation from her mother. She is constantly concerned about her mother's location. In terms of Mahler's separation-individuation theory, this infant is in the stage of object constancy differentiation practicing rapprochement symbiosis

Answer 168

rapproachment 18-24 months

Question 169

In Harlow's rhesus monkey studies, orphaned baby monkeys show a preference for clinging to a Wire mesh surrogate mother that does not dispenses milk Wire mesh surrogate mother irrespective of feeding Wire mesh surrogate mother that dispenses milk Soft cloth surrogate mother that provides food Soft cloth surrogate mother irrespective of feeding

Answer 169

Soft cloth surrogate mother irrespective of feeding

Question 170

Kohlberg's concept of conventional morality is closely related to which of the following? A child believes that the right thing is what satisfies ones needs A child believes that the right thing is what adults approve of A child believes that the right thing is to uphold ethical principles A child believes that the right thing is one that avoids punishments A child believes that the right thing is what the intuition suggests

Answer 170

child believes that the right thing is what adults approve of

Question 171

Which of the following is correct with respect to transitional objects described by Winnicott? They reduce anxiety at times of stress They are most important to the child during the age 6 to 9 months Systematic parental interventions are needed to wean from transitional objects Children never change their transitional object They reduce a child's autonomy

Answer 171

They reduce anxiety at times of stress most important 2.5 years

Question 172

The ability to formulate hypotheses and carry out deductive reasoning is a feature of Concrete operational stage Sensorimotor stage Formal operational stage Preoperational stage None of the listed options

Answer 172

formal operational

Question 173

Piaget: concrete operational age

Answer 173

7-12 years

Question 174

% who reach formal operational stage 100 15 5 25 50

Answer 174

15%

Question 175

In children, family instability is most likely to contribute to Poor cognitive functioning Increased congict and aggression Anxiety Depression Poor verbal skills

Answer 175

Increased conflict and aggression

Question 176

Which one of the following is a feature of restricted language code? It is used by the middle class and upper-class children Restricted language code is characterised by short, incomplete sentences, which focuses on the present I is frequently employed in the restricted language code It is characterized by longer, complex sentences that are context-independent It focuses on the past and future, employs 'I' commonly and allows for expression of abstract thought.

Answer 176

Restricted language code is characterised by short, incomplete sentences, which focuses on the present **all others are for elaborated code**

Question 177

Which one among the following is said to be achieved when all information properly fits into the schemas? Assimilation Accommodation Equilibration Adaptation Object permanence

Answer 177

Equilibration (Piaget) equilibration is a process of adaptation to the environment that occurs mainly through assimilation and accommodation and that tends to maintain a state of cognitive equilibrium or balance when an individual acquires new information. - Assimilate → fit in - Accommodate → change to fit - Equilibrate → perfect balance → everything fits nicely

Question 178

A child uses meaningful words without connecting words. Identify the most likely age of the child. 18-30 months More than 30 months 12-18 months More than 60 months 0-12 months

Answer 178

18-30 months Telegraphic speech

Question 179

According to the Social Learning Theory which of the following plays no role in the development of gender appropriate behaviours? Reinforcement by role models Archetypal schema Differential treatment by adults Imitative behaviours Cognitive processes in children

Answer 179

Archetypal schema

Question 180

What are the three components of psychic functioning defined in Freud's structural theory? The oral, anal and oedipal The conscious, superconscious and subconscious The id, ego, and superego The conscious, unconscious and subconscious The Eros, Thanatos and Libido

Answer 180

The id, ego, and superego

Question 181

According to Thomas and Chess study, all of the following temperamental characteristics are seen in slow-to-warm-up children except Slow changes in mood Mild intensity of emotions Negative response to new stimuli Fiery emotionality Gradual adaptations

Answer 181

Fiery emotionality

Question 182

According to Jean Piaget's cognitive development theory, primitive self-recognition begins during Pre operational stage Pre conceptual stage Sensorimotor stage Concrete operational stage Formal operational stage

Answer 182

Sensorimotor stage

Question 183

Which of the following is not a feature of Piaget's sensorimotor stage? Primary circular regexes Exercising regexes Object permanence Secondary circular regexes Animism

Answer 183

Animism pre-operational

Question 184

Attachment behaviour typically peaks between 3 and 5 months of age 1 and 2 months of age 6 and 18 months of age 24 and 36 months of age Over 3 years of age

Answer 184

6-18 months

Question 185

According to Kohlberg, which stage is characterised by attempts to conform in order to gain approval and maintain good relationships? Social contract orientation of post-conventional morality Good boy/good girl orientation of conventional morality Obedience orientation of pre-conventional morality Ethical principle orientation of post-conventional morality Avoidance of punishment orientation of pre-conventional morality

Answer 185

Good boy/good girl orientation of conventional morality

Question 186

A woman lost her husband one month ago. She is feeling low in mood with poor sleep. She also complains of a poor appetite. She hears the voice of her husband at night and feels his presence at home. She reports 'longing for some more days with him'. She is most likely to be experiencing Adjustment reaction Stage 3 of bereavement Delayed grief Stage 1 of bereavement Stage 2 of bereavement

Answer 186

Stage 2 Stage 1= initial shock (days, weeks) Stage 2= acute discomfort (weeks, months) Stage 3= culminating resitituion and reooganisation (months-years)

Question 187

The scoring for Adult Attachment Interview developed by Mary Main is based on all except The subject's ability to give a coherent account Meaning as well as language used The contents of the narratives provided by the interview Security of the attachment of the subject to any specific person The subject's ability to give an integrated account of the parenting experience

Answer 187

Security of the attachment of the subject to any specific person

Question 188

Identify the incorrect statement about the EAS dimensions of temperament. Temperament traits have an early onset They are genetically grounded They are highly inheritable They show less stability over developmental periods They are of evolutionary importance

Answer 188

They show less stability over developmental periods The EAS is a developmental, multidimensional, and causal personality model described by Buss and Plomin. The acronym EAS refers to three basic dimensions: emotionality, activity, and sociability. They manifest before socialisation, persist later in life, and show substantial heritability. The dimensions of the EAS are considered stable. The initial model of Buss and Plomin featured four temperamental dimensions: emotionality, activity, sociability, and impulsivity.

Question 189

A boy believes in obeying rules laid down by the teacher as the primary moral principle to avoid punishments. Which stage of moral development is he exhibiting? Pre-conventional stage Post-conventional stage Automatic obedience Conventional stage None of the listed options

Answer 189

Pre-conventional punishment and obedience The second level is morality of conventional role-conformity, in which children try to conform to gain approval and maintain good relationships with others and are also guided by rigid codes of ‘law and order’ (authority orientation)

Question 190

A 4-year-old child draws a tall matchstick agure representing her dad, and a short matchstick agure representing herself walking beside him. Which of the following features is she exhibiting? Animism Conservation Lack of conservation Semiotic function Egocentricity

Answer 190

Semiotic function pre-operational

Question 191

According to Erich Lindemann, which of the following is not a pathognomonic symptom of grief? Somatic distress Preoccupation with the image of the deceased Guilt Shame Hostility

Answer 191

Shame

Question 192

Which one of the following types of infants poorly interact with the mother and do not appear particularly upset when left with a stranger? Securely attached infants Disorganised infants Insecure/anxious - resistant infants Toddlers in daycare Insecure/anxious - avoidant infants

Answer 192

Insecure/anxious - avoidant infants

Question 193

In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, the process of solving new problems using existing schemata is termed as Adaptation Maturation Schema Assimilation Accommodation

Answer 193

Assimilation

Question 194

Who founded the concept of Introversion and Extroverson - Freud - Jung - Winnicott - Klein - Adler

Answer 194

Jung

Question 195

Which of the following is INCORRECT concerning child development? A 2 years old child can speak more than 50 words A child starts babbling at 3 months of age A 4 years old child speaks with correct grammar A 5 years old child can tell time by quarter of an hour accuracy A 12 months old child can speak up to 3 words

Answer 195

A 5 years old child can tell time by quarter of an hour accuracy Reception class children (ages 4-5) begin to read the time to the hour, year 1 children (age 5-6) should be able to read the time to the hour or the half hour on analogue clocks and year 2 children (age 6-7) should be able to read the time to the hour, half hour or quarter hour on analogue clocks.

Question 196

Which one among the following terms refers to basic predispositions that underlie children's behaviour? Temperament Adaptability Threshold of responsiveness Goodness of at Attachment

Answer 196

Temperament

Question 197

A 7-year-old Iranian boy had to gee from Iran as an asylum seeker together with his mother who was politically threatened. Upon arrival to UK, he starts sucking his thumb and exhibits intense anxiety that something terrible might happen to his mother. He refuses to go to local school but plays with his peer group in the proximity of his mother. The above reaction can be considered as Denial Regression Displacement Sublimation Modelling

Answer 197

Regression Regression is a reversion to an earlier, more immature mode of thinking, feeling, or behaving. In psychoanalysis, regression is a defense mechanism whereby a person reverts to a form of behaviour, thinking, or objectrelationship characteristic of an earlier stage of development in order to avoid or reduce anxiety.

Question 198

Within the theory of mind, the ability to conceptualise false beliefs develops around 4 years of age 5 years of age 3 years of age 2 years of age 6 years of age

Answer 198

4 years

Question 199

Which one of the following terms refers to the bias towards focusing attention on only one aspect of a situation and the inability to attend to other features? Symbolic thought Centration Egocentrism Circular reactions Irreversibility

Answer 199

Centration (Piaget)

Question 200

Stranger fear peaks at 1 year 0-3 months 5-8 years 3-6 months 2-3 years

Answer 200

1 year Infants develop a fear of strangers when they are around 6 months of age, and it peaks at around 12-18 months of age. Fear of strangers declines after the age of three years. Separation anxiety starts at 1 year of age and child shows rapproachment (hugs when coming back) by 18 months