a level research methods

Question 1

content analysis, types of research methods

Answer 1

used to analyse qualitative data and transform into quantitative

Question 2

content analysis data collection

Answer 2

systematic sample
examines and familiarises data
code the data- make categories, operationally define categories, comprehensive list categories, mutually exclusive categories(non overlap)

Question 3

weakness content analysis

Answer 3

observer bias
one researcher might interpret the meaning of a category differently to another.
can tally up wrong

Question 4

strength of content analysis

Answer 4

inter-rater reliability
The media can be accessed by other researchers to see if data is reliable.
standardised methods can be used to check test retest

Question 5

thematic analysis

Answer 5

.transcribe data (listen to words and write down exact language spoken)
.data read repeatedly to find trends
.themes reanalysed to become clearer and annotate short hard codes
.then write report

Question 6

strength of thematic analysis

Answer 6

high ecological validity as it is based on observations

Question 7

weakness of thematic analysis

Answer 7

unscientific and open to researcher bias due to expectations of outcome

Question 8

case studies

Answer 8

detailed study of either a group or individual of an unusual case. can be observed or interviewed. finding placed into themes to represent individuals thoughts in a qualitative way from quantitative data.

Question 9

ways to assess reliability

Answer 9

using the test retest method and measuring correlation coefficient

Question 10

inter observer reliability

Answer 10

when both observers agree, if not pilot study to check application to behaviorual categories is the same.

Question 11

improve reliability in questionaires

Answer 11

use closed questions as open ended can be too ambiguous

Question 12

improve reliability in interveiws

Answer 12

using a structured interview as some interviewers can use leading questions

Question 13

improve reliability in lab experiments

Answer 13

use a standardised procedure and controlled conditions so participants arnt exposed to different conditions

Question 14

improve reliability in observations

Answer 14

behavioural categories being operationalised as there can be unclear categories

Question 15

internal validity

Answer 15

weather the manipulation of iv or other factors affect the dv

Question 16

ecological validity

Answer 16

when findings can be generalised from different settings and every day life

Question 17

temporal validty

Answer 17

weather findings from a theory or research is still in date and relates

Question 18

face validty

Answer 18

checking if the test measures what its supposed to measure from an eyeball.

Question 19

concurrent validity

Answer 19

to measure the current test to an established similar test

Question 20

nominal level of measurement

Answer 20

most simple
categories of objects and behaviour and how mnay times there are in each category

Question 21

ordinal level of measurement

Answer 21

ordered or ranked
no universally accepted scale
personal judgement

Question 22

interval level of measurement

Answer 22

universally accepted numerical scales
such as thermometer or weighing

Question 23

inferential testing

Answer 23

after stud to test probability of results by chance
compare calculated value of study with a critcal value to determine significance
used 5% if reach this level can accept alternate hypothesis and reject null

Question 24

different stats test

Answer 24

chi2. sign test, chi2
mann whit. wilcoxon, spear
unrelated, related, pearson

Question 25

# eoftrp The features of science

Answer 25

Empirical methods objectivity falsifiability theory construction replicability paradigms

Question 26

Empirical methods, features of science

Answer 26

 Used in science through direct testing to gain information through direct observation or experiments 

Question 27

Objectivity in features of science

Answer 27

Data is collected and interpreted objectively and is not affected by expectations and biases meaning researchers carry out research under carefully controlled Conditions

Question 28

Falsifiability in features of science

Answer 28

Theories should be testable and there should be the possibility of them being proven false meaning theories repeatedly tested can still not be necessarily true instead have not been proving false yet 

Question 29

Theory, construction and features of science

Answer 29

A set of laws to explain behaviour through gathering evidence through using empirical methods such as the short-term memory holding 5 to 9 items was conducted in a lab experiment 

Question 30

Replicability in features of science

Answer 30

If a theory has trusted the findings, it must be shown to be repeatable across a range of different context and circumstances. Consistant findings means reliability

Question 31

Paradigms and features of science

Answer 31

A shared set of assumptions and methods Psychology should be seen as a pre-science as does not have a universally accepted paradigm 

Question 32

Type 1 error

Answer 32

Alternative hypothesis is accepted False positive

Question 33

Type 2 error

Answer 33

Alternative hypothesis is rejected False negative

Question 34

Paradigm shifts

Answer 34

How science progresses When existing paradigms are questioned by researchers until too much criticism to ignore

Question 35

# aid sapes d Sections of a scientific report

Answer 35

Abstract- short summary Intro- past theories Design Sample Apparatus Procedure Ethics Summary of results- descriptive stats, inferential testing, qualitative data Discussion- summary, limitations, implications

Question 36

Book referencing

Answer 36

Surname Initial Date Title of book Place published Place Name