Gender Flashcards

Question

gender schema

Answer 1

set of beliefs and expectations about a gender which give us clues how to act. as schemas expand as we get older it creates a framework for experience. 6- child formed a fixed stereotypical veiw about what is appropriate for each gender. disregard info that doesnt fit in gender schema 8- see items and subjects as appropriate for each gender

Answer 2

group child belongs in is the ingroup and they will act accordingly to fit into the in group

Answer 3

see gender segregation when they avid children of the oppposite sex as they are nit like me

Answer 4

P-holistic theory takes into multiple factors that influence gender development E- considers both environmental and cognitive factors of how children process and interpret info to create gender schemas L- strength as studying the whole child H- doesnt consider biology kholberg considers brain maturation

Answer 5

oedipus-3-4 boys fancy mum, see dad as rival, castration anxiety, identify with father leads to internalisation electra- attracted to mum then goes when reliase mum doesnt have a penis. blames mother for lack of penis, penis envy, fancys dad, wants baby instead, identifes with mum and internalises females more submissive and identification is not as strong and they are not as fearful due to experiencing castration , stages unresolved causes fixation.

Answer 6

p- supporting research e- morey, 50 boys gender disturbed, assesed how distrurbed, strong gender disturbance were more feminine & introverted . 75% of those boys had neither their biological father nor a substitute L- raised with no father may have a negative impact on gender identity, boys could not identify with a father and therefore did not feel strongly masculine. H- bos compared data from 63 children parents lesbians and 68 children ‘traditional’ families. raised by lesbians felt less pressure to conform to gender stereotypes and were less likely to assume their own gender was superior. This suggests that the absence of a father does not necessarily affect gender identity development. | support research morey bos

Answer 7

P- highly unscientific. E- Oedipus and Electra complex are nearly impossible to investigate as a result of them being internal and happening unconsciously. L- weakness cannot be certain the absence of the same-sex parent has any impact on gender identity development. F- outdated as it was written around 1900 at a time when technology was not yet evident. now gene mapping, hormonal testing and brain scans.

Answer 8

1) live models and symbolic models are same sex 2) more likely to imitate the role model if they identify with them 3) attention -retention- remembering how to perform -motor reproduction- can i do it -motivation- reward 4) direct reinforcement- receive consequences -indirect- see others receive consequences 5) differential reinforcement- encouraged to show gender appropriate behaviour 6) vicarious reinforcement-sees good consequence, they copy

Answer 9

p- supporting research e- london studied 60 boys 60 girls 5 to 13. boys spend more time in leisure activities, sports and computer games. girls watch tv l- environment influences activities f- mead found in tchambuli tribe roles r reversed woman are leaders.

Answer 10

p- applies to everyone but cant explain gender differences in twins or siblings e- one twin can be more masculine then other despite the same nurture and nature l- weakness should have same behaviours but dont so better suit idiographic theory f- cant explain gender understanding and identity changes with age assumes no developmental stages.

Answer 11

different norms in different cultures traditional and non-traditional. individualist culture focus on themselves if gender was purely biolgical then a culture would have no impact.so studying culture allows to assess which gender is biological or culturally determined. mead- suggest gender changes based on cultural background. 3 tribes in Papua new guinea. 1 men and women feminine 2 men and women masculine 3 women dominant buss- 10000 ps from 37 cultures found women look for wealth in men and woemn from collectivist cultures are more ambitious

Answer 12

p- supporting evidence e- hofstede argues in industrialised cultures the active role of women in the work place breaks traditional stereotypes. traditional cultures women are still traditional roles l- gender roles are determined by cultural context h- media overrides cultural traditions due to modernisation meaning those studies are out of date. lack temporal validity

Answer 13

provide symbolic role models abstract modelling- images from media integrates into view of the world bussey- media men are independent and ambitious. women are dependant and unambitious. in tv men were autonomous roles an women had famillial roles. kivran swaine- looked at 78000 twitter messages women used more intense adverbs. self efficacy- beleif in ability to carry out behaviours. media can gives information on success of genders and restrict future opportunities

Answer 14

p-supporting evidence e- denby found love island as presenting female contestants as overly emotional and reflecting sterotypes aswell as there being a sexual double standard where males are celebrated for their sexual prowness and women wernt l- cultivates perception of reality and affects gender behaviour h- more effective to take interactionist approach. media representations influence are understood within the context of face to face interactions and differences in people lifes.

Answer 15

p- imposed etic e-researchers sue methods and tools applicable in their own culture but alien to other cultures. instead should introduce indigenous psychologists l- suffers culture bias

Answer 16

400000 people say they feel mismatched gender identity in uk. biological explanation

Answer 17

hare et al used gene mapping and looked at dna of 112 m-to-f transexuals. found correlation between gender development and a longer androgen receptor gene which can have an effect on gender as it reduces affects of testosterone. heyles found 39% of mz twins were concordant for GD compared to 0% of siblings

Answer 18

bnst in thalamus is involved in emotional responses and male sexual behaviour, larger in mne. found that the size of the bnst is the size of the gender they identify with.

Answer 19

p- results of twin studies do not establish cause and affect. e- concordance rate is only 39% if it was purely biological the figure would be a lot higher l- suggests there are other factors affecting f- samples sizes are around 50 ps meaning it can be generalised to 400000 people suffering

Answer 20

p- supporting research e- white matter found in the brain before hormone treatment changed after hormones to the gender they identified with. l- suggests there are earlier differences in the brain of transgender h- in the study of the bnst they were examined during post mortems which doesnt show the live differneces.

Gender Flashcards

(44 cards)