Anatomy
Is the study of structure of the body
Physiology
Is the study of function of anatomical structures
Levels of organization
The chemical level- atoms are the smallest chemical units. Molecules are a group of atoms working together.
The cellular level- cells are a group of atoms, molecules, and organelles working together.
The tissue level- tissues are a group of similar cells working together.
The organ level- an organ is a group of different tissues working together.
The organ system level- organ systems are a group of organs working together. Humans have 11 organ systems.
The organism level- a human is an organism(individual).
Integumentary system
Protects against environmental hazards
Major organs- skin, hair, sweat glands, and nails.
Skeletal system
Provides support and protection for other tissues.
Major organs- bones, cartilages, ligaments, and bone marrow.
Muscular system
Provides movement, protection and support for other tissues. Generates heat and maintains body temperature.
Major organs- skeletal muscles and tendons.
Nervous system
- Directs immediate responses to stimuli. *Coordinates and moderates activities of other organ systems.
- Provides and interprets sensory information about external conditions.
Major organs- brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and sense organs.
Endocrine system
- dierects- long term changes in the activities of other organ systems.
- adjust metabolic activity and energy use by the body.
- controls many structural and functional changes during development.
Major organs- pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, gonads, and endocrine tissues in other systems.
Cardiovascular system
- Distributes blood cells, water and dissolved materials including nutrients, wastes products, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
- distributes heat and assists in control of body temperature.
Major organs- heart, blood, and blood vessels.
Lymphatic system
- defends against infection and disease.
- returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream.
Major organs- spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, and tonsils.
Respiratory system
- delivers air to the alveoli
- provides oxygen to the bloodstream
- removes carbon dioxide from bloodstream
- produces sounds for communication
Major organs- nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, and alveoli.
Digestive system
- processes and digest food
- absorbs and conserves water
- absorbs nutrients
- stores energy reserves
Major organs- teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
Urinary system
- extracts wastes products form the blood.
- controls water balance by regulating volume of tine produced.
- stores urine prior to voluntary elimination.
- regulates blood ion concentrations and ph.
Major organs- kidneys, ureter, urinary bladder, and urethra.
Reproductive system
- produces males and females sex cells.
- sexual intercourse.
- produces males and females sex hormones.
- supports developing embryo from conception to delivery.
- provides milk to nourish newborn infant.
Major organs- ovaries, testes, uterine tubes, epididymis, uterus, penis, vagina, mammary glands, and prostrate glands.
Homeostasis
All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment.
Negative feedback
- The response of the effector negates the stimulus. The body is brought back to homeostasis.
- normal range is achieved. Reset back to normal.
Ex: body temp. Increases to 102 degrees and the normal body temp. Is 98.6 the point is to make the body go back to normal temperature.
Positive feedback
- the response of the effector increases change of the stimulus,
- the body is move away from homeostasis.
- normal range is lost.
- is used to speed up process.
- increases the stimulus. Exaggerates the stimulus.
Anatomical position
Hands at sides, palms forward.
Supine position
Laying down, face up.
Prone position
Laying down, face down.
Receptor
Receives the stimulus
Control center
Process the signal and sends instructions.
Effector
Carries out instructions.
Intrinsic regulation
- Occurs without or voluntary
* automatic response in a cell, tissue, or organ to some environmental change.
