A&P Chapter 2:

Question 1

Four elements make up 96% of body:

Answer 1

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen

Question 2

protons

Answer 2

• found in atomic nucleus
• postive charge (+)
• weight 1 amu (atomic mass unit)

Question 3

neutrons

Answer 3

• found in atomic nucleus
• no electrical charge (0)
• weight 1 amu (atomic mass unit)

Question 4

electrons

Answer 4

• found in electron cloud
• negative charge (-)
• weight 0 amu (atomic mass unit)

Question 5

simplified and outdate because it incorrectly depicts electron in orbits, fixed circular paths

Answer 5

planetary model

Question 6

current model used that depicts orbitals, proable regions where an electron is most likely to be located (rather than fixed orbit)

Answer 6

orbital modal

Question 7

• structural variations of same element
• atoms contain same number of protons but differ in the number of neutrons they contain
  
  • atomic numbers are same, but mass numbers different*

Answer 7

isotopes

Question 8

are isotopes that decompose to more stable forms

Answer 8

radioisotopes

Question 9

gerneral term for 2 or more atoms bonded together
- ex: H2

Answer 9

molecule

Question 10

specific molecule that has 2 or more different kinds of atoms bonded together
- C6H12O6

Answer 10

compound

Question 11

solutions

Answer 11

do not settle out
- ex: water

Question 12

colloids

Answer 12

scatter light; do not settle out
- jell-o

Question 13

suspensions

Answer 13

settle out and may scatter light
- ex: blood

Question 14

solute(s)

Answer 14

substance dissolved in solvent
- ex: blood sugar- glucose is solute, and blood (plasma) is solvent

Question 14

solvent

Answer 14

substance present in greatest amount
- usually liquid, such as water

Question 14

charged particle (transfer of electrons form an …..)

Answer 14

ionic bonds

Question 14

equal sharing of electrons between atoms
- linear (CO2)

Answer 14

nonpolar covalent bonds

Question 15

unequal sharing of electrons between 2 atoms
- bend (water H2O)

Answer 15

polar covalent bonds

Question 16

not true bond, more of a weak magnetic attraction unless with H2O

Answer 16

hydrogen bond

Question 17

3 chemical reactions

Answer 17

1.) synthesis-> make/build
- ex: body make proteins (amino acids)
2.) decomposition-> break
3.) exchange-> making and breaking
- ex: ATP

Question 18

lost electron

Answer 18

oxidized

Question 19

added electron

Answer 19

reduced

Question 20

reactions result in a net release of energy (give off energy)
products have less potential energy than reactants

Answer 20

exergonic

Question 21

reactions result in a net absorption of energy (use up energy)
products have more potential energy than reactants

Answer 21

endergonic

Question 22

water, salts, and many acids and bases * do not contain carbon*

Answer 22

inorganic compounds

Question 23

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids * contain carbon usually large and convalently bonded

Answer 23

organic compound

Question 24

ability to absorb and release heat with little temperature change

Answer 24

high heat capacity

Question 25

evaporation requires large amounts of heat - ex: useful cooling mechanism during sweating

Answer 25

high heat of vaporization

Question 26

dissolves and dissociates ionic substances

Answer 26

polar solvent properties

Question 27

water is an important reactant in many chemcial reactions, part of hydrolysis and dehydration synthesis reactats

Answer 27

reactivity

Question 28

protects certain organs from physical trauma

Answer 28

cushioning

Question 29

are proton donors: they release hydrogen ions (H+), bare protrons (have no electrons) in solutions

Answer 29

acid

Question 30

are proton acceptors: they pick up H+ ions in solution

Answer 30

bases

Question 31

is measurement of concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] in a solution

Answer 31

pH: acid base concentration

Question 32

acids and bases are mixed together

Answer 32

neutralization

Question 33

resist abrupt and large swings in pH

Answer 33

buffers

Question 34

simple sugars containing three to seven carbon atoms

Answer 34

monosaccharides

Question 35

double sugars, too large to pass through cell membranes

Answer 35

disaccharides

Question 36

polymers of monosaccharides, not very stable

Answer 36

polysaccharides

Question 37

contains C,H,O, but less than in carbohydrates and sometimes contain P

Answer 37

lipids

Question 38

called fats when solid and oils when liquid, composed of three fatty acids bonded to glycerol molecule *main functions: energy storage, insulation, and protection*

Answer 38

triglycerides or neutrsl fats

Question 39

are known as the "bad" fats - ex: animal fats, butter

Answer 39

saturated fatty acids

Question 40

are known as the "good" fats

Answer 40

unsaturated fatty acids

Question 41

consists of four interlocking ring structure

Answer 41

steroids

Question 42

derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in cell membrane

Answer 42

eicosanoids

Question 43

shape and function due to four structural levels

Answer 43

proteins

Question 44

all proteins are made from 20 types of amino acids

Answer 44

amino acids and peptide bonds

Question 45

four levels of proteins structure determines shape and function

Answer 45

1. Primary: linear sequence of amino acids (order) 2. Secondary: how primary amino acids interact with each other 3. Tertiary: how secondary structures interact 4. Quaternary: how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other

Question 46

globular proteins unfold and lose their 3-D shape

Answer 46

denaturation

Question 47

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

Answer 47

enzymes

Question 48

characteristics of enzymes

Answer 48

- most functional enzymes referred to as holoenzymes consists of two parts: apoenzyme and cofactor - enzymes are specific - usually end in -ase

Question 49

enzymes lower activation energy, which is the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

Answer 49

enzyme action

Question 50

- composed of C,H,O,N, and P are the largest molecule in the body - DNA holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins

Answer 50

nucleic acids

Question 51

chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in .....

Answer 51

ATP