A1/A3

Question 1

Ecology

Answer 1

The study of the relationship between living organisms, or between living organisms and their environment

Question 2

Species

IB

Answer 2

The largest group of organisms where two individuals can potentially interbreed to produce fertile offspring

• Have similar behavioural traits to recognize each other
• Their offspring can produce viable offspring

Question 3

Cross-Breeding

IB

Answer 3

Where two different species breed together

• These hybrids are typically reproductively sterile (the offspring can’t reproduce)

Question 4

Population

IB

Answer 4

A subset of individuals in one species that occupies a particular geographic area

• Two populations of one species may never be able to interbreed because of their geographical distance; however theorethically they woukd still be able to
• Barriers could be rivers, oceans, mountains ranges, etc (Spatial Isolation)

Question 5

Communities

IB

Answer 5

Formed when populations of different species are living together and interacting with each other

There are no abiotic factors in a community

Question 6

Ecosystem

IB

Answer 6

Formed when a community interacts with the abiotic environment

Abiotic Factors: Soil, rocks, water, air

Question 7

Biome

Answer 7

Includes climate, precipitation, etc.

Question 8

What are the 2 types of autotrophs

IB

Answer 8

• Photoautotrophs
• Chemoautotrops

Question 9

Heterotrops

IB

Answer 9

Feeding on others

Obtain carbon compounds by eating other organisms

Question 10

Mixotrophic

Answer 10

Both autotrophic and heterotrophic

Question 11

What is a consumer

IB

Answer 11

Eating something that is alive or dead for a short amount of time

- A primary consumer feeds on autotrophs
- Ingest their food

Question 12

Some unicellular consumers take in food by _____

IB

Answer 12

Endocytosis

Question 13

Detrivores

IB

Answer 13

Heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients from waste by internal digestion

Question 14

Saprotrophs

IB

Answer 14

Heterotrophs that obtain organic nutrients by external digestion

- Secrete digestive enzymes into organic matter
- Known as decomposers

Question 15

Living Organisms Require ____ to produce ____

IB

Answer 15

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxygen
• Nitrogen & Phosphorus (to a lesser extent)
• 15 other elements

To produce:
- Carbohydrates (sugar)
- Lipids (fats)

• Autotrophs get these nutrients from the environment
• Heterotrophs get carbon and nitrogen from their diet. They can obtain calcium, potassion, and sodium from their abiotic environment

Question 16

Nutrient Cycling

IB

Answer 16

• Autotrophs take inorganic nutrients and convert them into carbon compounds
• Heterotrophs eat autotrops
• Saprotrophs decompose remains and free nutrients into soil

The inorganic nutrinets on Earth is fixed.So cycling is really important

Question 17

Sustainable Ecosystems Require

Answer 17

• Nutrient availability
• Detoxicification of waste products
• Energy availability

Ecosystems have the potential to be sustainable over long periods of time

Question 18

The Biosphere

Answer 18

All areas on Earth that are inhabited by and that supports life

• Lithosphere - Land
• Atmosphere - Air
• Hydrosphere - Water

Question 19

Open System

Answer 19

Can exchange both energy andmatter with its surroundings

Question 20

Closed System

Answer 20

Can exchange only energy with its surroundings, not matter

Question 21

Isolated System

Answer 21

Cannot exchange either matter or energy with its surroundings

A perfect islated system is hard to come by

Question 22

Explain

The Biosphere is a ____ system

Answer 22

Closed System:
- Energy radiates into the Earth’s system from the sun. Energy is then radiated back into space from the Earth, with the flows being regulated by Earth’s atmosphere and the ozone layer

Because gravity, matter (solids, liquids, gasses) don’t leave the system

Question 23

Earth’s Net Radiation Budget

Answer 23

Overall balance between the incoming and outgoing energy

• Energy enters the system when sunlught pennetrates the top of the atmosphere
• Energy exiys when: Reflected by clouds, aerosols, or the Earth’s surface

Question 24

Both plants and animals use ___ _______ to derive energy from the organic molecules

Answer 24

Cell Respiration

Question 25

Organisms require ____ ____ to fuel cellular processes | IB

Answer 25

Chemical energy (organic compounds): - Autotrophs ptoduce these organic molecules using an external supply - Photautotrophs use light energy

Question 26

Photosynthesis | IB

Answer 26

Process by which plants use light energy (sun) to convert into chemical energyh in the form of carbohydrates, and lipids, and all other carbon compounds | Photosynthesis takes place on land and in shallow water ## Footnote 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

Question 27

Chemoautotrophs | IB

Answer 27

Producers that may derive energy from chemical processes called chemosynthesis ## Footnote Nitrogene fixing bacteria (in soil) use nitrogen to produce organic compounds

Question 28

# The amount of energy an ecosystem is supplied varies: Sahara Dessert | IB

Answer 28

Lots of intense sunlight but very few primary producers

Question 29

# The amount of energy an ecosystem is supplied varies: Redwood Forests | IB

Answer 29

Less intense sunlight but more energy is available because many producers

Question 30

Chemosynthesis

Answer 30

Process by which food (glucose) is made by bacteria using chemical such as the energy source, rather than sunlight | Occurs around hydrothermal vents and methane seeps in the deep sea ## Footnote Bacteria use energy stored in the chemical bonds of hydrogen sulfide and methane to make glucose from water and carbon dioxide. Pure sulfur and sulfur compounds as by-products

Question 31

Energy stored in organic compounds is released through _____ | IB

Answer 31

Cellular Respiration

Question 32

Organic compounds are used to create ____ ____ and ____ is a by-producy | IB

Answer 32

Chemical energy (ATP), Heat

Question 33

The First Law of Biological Thermodynamics

Answer 33

No living organism can create energy and must obtain it from its environment | That energy can then be transformed into a sueful form of energy

Question 34

Trophic Levels

Answer 34

1. Producer 2. Primary consumer 3. Secondary consumer 4. Tertiary consumer 5. Quaternary consumer | Organisms can move from one trophic level to another

Question 35

Carbon compounds contain ____ ____ ____ stored in chemical bonds | IB

Answer 35

Chemical potential energy

Question 36

Effect of removing species in a food web | IB

Answer 36

- In a complex well-developed food web, it has little effect - In a food web with limited/small organisms, it could have drastic effects

Question 37

Living organisms are not able to convert ____ to other forms of energy. Therefore, ____ is lost | IB

Answer 37

Heat

Question 38

# Life a ecosystem can support is decided by energy captured by producers Factors that increase productivity | IB

Answer 38

- Amount of solar energy - Warm temperatures - Large amounts of rainfall - Luttle season change

Question 39

Arctic Tundra Food Web | IB

Answer 39

- Less solar energy - Colder and drier climate - Less amenabble to life

Question 40

# What climate is this? The more sunlight and water, the more plants and the more animals | IB

Answer 40

A Wood-Lake Food Web

Question 41

# Consequence of Food Webs Biomagnification

Answer 41

The build up of toxic chemicals in organisms as tissues move through the food chain. The higher up on the food chian the higher concentration of the toxin

Question 42

# Ecological Pyramid Pyramid of Numbers

Answer 42

Displays the number of individual organisms at each trophic level

Question 43

# Ecological Pyramid Pyramid of Biomass

Answer 43

Measures the dry weight of biological material at each trophic level

Question 44

# Ecological Pyramid Pyramid of Energy | IB

Answer 44

The loss of energy with each transfer in a food chain. Measured in Kilojoules per square meter per year

Question 45

The Rule of 10

Answer 45

Only about 10% of the energy present in one organisms is available/passed on to the next... The other 90% stays within the organism and is eventually lost as heat | The higher up on the food chain you get the less energy is available

Question 46

Special Concern/Vulenerable

Answer 46

Special likely to become threatened or endangered

Question 47

Threatened

Answer 47

Species likely to become endangered if the factors that caused its vulnerability is not reversed

Question 48

Endangered

Answer 48

Species threatened with imminent extinction or extirpation throughout their range

Question 49

Extirpated

Answer 49

Species no longer exists within a certain geographical location but lives elsewhere

Question 50

# Reasons for Threatened Species Habitat Fragmentation

Answer 50

Habitat is broken into smaller pieces by human activities

Question 51

# Reasons for Threatened Species Habitat Destruction

Answer 51

Habitat is made unuseable by a species, reducing the range of the organism

Question 52

Biodiversity

Answer 52

The variety of life in all its forms | Diversity means more ability to cope with changes in the environment

Question 53

An ecosystem is considered healthy if its _____ and ______

Answer 53

Self-sustaining and self-regulating

Question 54

Possible consequences of removing a native species from an area

Answer 54

- Decrease in biodiversity - Change in predator-prey balance - Change in breeding opportunities - Change in migration patterns

Question 55

Invasive species

Answer 55

Any organism that is not native to an ecosystem and causes harm. This can be harm to the environment, the economy, or even human health