B2

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Process by which populations of living things change over a series of generation

Does not refer to individual change

Organisms that are best adapted to their environment will be most likely to survive

Question 2

Changing Earth - Fossils

Fossil Formation

Answer 2

• Teeth, shells, bones resist weather for a long period of time
• Insects may be trapped in amber
• Impressions left by plants/animals
• Fecal matter
• Intracellular spaces of skeletal material can be replaced with minerals

Question 3

Changing Earth - Fossils

The complexity of living organisms has _____ from the past to now

Answer 3

Increased

Question 4

Changing Earth - Fossils`

Living species are usually located in the ___ geographic region as their most closely matching fossil

Answer 4

Same

Question 5

Dating the past

Charles Lyell (1797 - 1875)

Answer 5

Stated that most geological change was slow and gradual and had been going on over long periods of time

Question 6

Dating the past

Relative Dating

Answer 6

545 - 525 MYA
* Deeper sedimentary rock layers means they formed earlier → older fossil

Question 7

Dating the past

Rediation Dating

Answer 7

Technique to determine age of a rock or fossil by radioactive isotope decay rate

Question 8

Burgess Shale

Answer 8

• Contains the best animal fossils
• One of the most diverse and well -reserved fossil localities in the world

During this period, life was restricted to the world’s oceans

Question 9

Cambrain Explosion

Answer 9

Evolutionary burst of animal origins

545 - 525 MYA

Question 10

Changing Earth - Biogeography

Biogeography

Answer 10

The study of the variation and geographic distribution of life on Earth (past and present)

Question 11

Theory of Plate Tectonics

Answer 11

• 225 MYA Earth had 1 landmass (Pangea)
• Seperated into continents by shfiting tectonic plates

• Fossil of species older than 150 MYA were on the same continents
• Species younger than 150 MYA were on seperate continents
• They evolved after the breakup of Pangea

Question 11

Homologous Structures

Answer 11

• Features with similar structures but different functions
• Similar origin but different uses in different species
• Forelimbs adapted for different functions, but have similar bone structure

Question 12

Analogous Structures

Answer 12

• Similar in function and appearance but not in origin

Question 13

Convergent Evolution

Answer 13

• Development of similar adaptations from unrelated species
• Occupy equivalent niches on different continents
• Due to similar environmental conditions

Question 14

Embryonic Development

Answer 14

• Late 1800’s: Scientists noted similarity between embryos of different species
• Many structures in an embryo are similar to those found in common ancestors

Question 15

Vestigal Features

Answer 15

• Rudimentary structures with no useful function
• May have been functional in ancestor
• Present in all species → very compelling evidence for evolution

Question 16

All organisms share similar _____ molecules and some ____

Answer 16

DNA , proteins

Question 17

Gene

Answer 17

A segment of DNA that performs a specific functions

Question 18

Artificial Selection / Selective Breeding

Answer 18

Process of humans selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits

Dramatic changes are produced in species over a relatively short period

Question 19

Scientific Theory

Answer 19

Model that accounts for all known scientific evidences

* Requires plausible explanation
* Altered/modified as data is gained

Question 20

Ethical concern behind Artificial Selection

Answer 20

• People question whether it is ethical to breed them for human consumption
• Makes animals unfit to survive in nature
• Can also cause physical and psychological stress for animals

Question 21

Timeline of evidence of evolution

Aristotle (384-322 BC)

Answer 21

• First to attempt to classify animals
• Recognized species are not stable and unalterable
• Blooded vs bloodless
• First to propose Spontaneous Generation

Question 22

Timeline of evidence of evolution

Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon (1750’s)

Answer 22

• Leading naturalist
• Species could change over time which could lead to new organisms

Question 23

Timeline of evidence of evolution

Carl Linnaeus (1760’s)

Answer 23

• Founder of binomial nomenclature (genus and species classification)
• The few species at creation became hybrids which led to new species

Question 24

# Timeline of evidence of evolution Erasmus Darwin (Darwin's grandpa) (1790's)

Answer 24

* All life developed from a single source

Question 25

# Timeline of evidence of evolution Jean-Baptise Pierre Antoine de Money Chevalier de Lemark (Early 1800's)

Answer 25

* First theory of evolution with a mechanism (Simple species are continually created by Spontaneous generation and then become more complex)

Question 26

Lamarckism

Answer 26

* Inheritance of acquired characteristics ## Footnote False concept, but key recognition of environment role in driving evolutionary change

Question 27

# Timeline of evidence of evolution Charles Darwin (1830-1860)

Answer 27

* Natural Selection - Result of differential reproductive success of individuals caused by variations in their inherited characteristics

Question 28

# Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection Overproduction

Answer 28

Number of offspring produced by a species is greater than that can survive and reproduce

Question 29

# Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection Competition

Answer 29

Organisms must compete for the same limited resources; struggle for existence

Question 30

# Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection Variation

Answer 30

* No two individuls are exactly alike (except identical twins) * Sexual reproduction creates variability in a population * Offspring inherit most of parents traits * Some traits arise randomly (genetic mutation)

Question 31

# Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection Survival of the Fittest

Answer 31

The environment acts to select favourable traits (not create them). Those with an advantage survive and reproduce, increasing their numbers

Question 32

# Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection Speciation

Answer 32

* Individuals do not change -- populations change over time * Accumulation of new traits over a long period of time

Question 33

Mutations

Answer 33

Random changes in DNA that provide a continous | Mutations can also occur because of meiosis

Question 34

Asexual Reproduction

Answer 34

Reproduction without a mate * Recieve the exact same DNA as aparent DNA * Only source of variation is mutations

Question 35

Sexual Reproduction

Answer 35

Production of offpsring by union of gametes from two different parents

Question 36

Why are sexually reproducing species variable in their phenotype

Answer 36

* Offspring inherits random assortments of genes from either parent * Therefore, each sibling has a unique combination of genes * Higher number of genes, creating genetic variability

Question 37

Adaptations

Answer 37

Change in a characteristic of an organims that increases its chance of survival

Question 38

Structural adaptation

Answer 38

Physical characteristic that helps an organism survive in its environment

Question 39

Behavioral adaptations

Answer 39

Something an organism does usually in response to an external stimulus that helps them to survive

Question 40

Physiological adaptations

Answer 40

A process inside of organism's body that help it to survive in its environment

Question 41

Speciation

Answer 41

Forming a new species

Question 42

Allopatric Speciation

Answer 42

1. Physical Barrier 2. Natural selection works on seperate populations 3. Groups are no longer sexually compatible due to accumulated physical/behavioral differences

Question 43

Darwin's Finches

Answer 43

* They became different species of finches due to geographic isolation * Over time, the food source they were best adapted to distinguished them from each other

Question 44

Theory of Gradualism

Answer 44

* Specialization occurs slowly * Fossil record shows abrupt changes but we are missing many pieces * Fossil records suggest whales gradually evolved from land to water

Question 45

Theory of Punctuated Equilibrium

Answer 45

1. Many species evolve very rapidly in evolutionary time 2. Speciation usually occurs in small isolated populations, so intermediate fossils are rare 3. After an initial burst of evolution, species are well adapted to their environment, so they don't change much over long periods

Question 46

Macroevolution

Answer 46

Evolution of taxonomic groups * Evidence of divergent evolution: When species rapidly evolved into many species