A.1.1 Inter-system communication

Question 1

Organisation of the nervous system

Answer 1

CNS,PSN,sensory (a), motor (e), autonomic, somatic, sympathetic, parasympathetic

Question 2

CNS (central nervous system)

Answer 2

• brain and spinal cord
• conscious and uncounscious nervous activity
• regulates the physiological functions
• spinal cord helps information travel between the brain and the rest if the body

Question 3

PNS (peripheral nervous system)

Answer 3

• consists of all the nerves outside of the CNS
• divided into sensory (afferent) nerves and motor (efferent) nerves

Question 4

Sensory (afferent) nerves A

Answer 4

Sends information arrives to the CNS what is goin on inside and outside the body

Question 5

Motor (efferent) nerves

Answer 5

Sends information exits from the CNS to the tissue or system of the body

Question 6

Somatic nervous system

Answer 6

controls the voluntary movements of the skeletal muscle e.g. kicking a ball

Question 7

automatic nervous system

Answer 7

control involuntary bodily functions e.g heart rate and breathing

Question 8

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 8

• activate the flight -or-flight response
• increased heart rate

Question 9

Parasympathetic nervous system

Answer 9

• helps the involuntary functions
• body’s housekeeping system
• e.g. decrease in heart rate

Question 10

Vasodilation

Answer 10

widening of blood vessels (relaxation of the smooth muscle)

Question 11

Vasoconstriction

Answer 11

narrowing of blood vessels (contraction of the smooth muscle)

Question 12

Hypothalamus

Answer 12

responsable foe maintaining homeostasis
- regulating the affect of the internal environment

Question 13

Thalamus

Answer 13

important for motor control

Question 14

Role of the nervous system in controlling heart rate

Answer 14

• the sympathetic increases the heart rate
• the parasympathetic decreases the heart rate

Question 15

Proprioceptors

Answer 15

• provide information about body positions and movment
• amount of tension
• position of joints

Question 16

Chemoreceptors

Answer 16

• detect changes in levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide and hydrogen
• sends messages to the brain to provide input to any system

Question 17

Baroreceptors

Answer 17

• detect low or high pressure
• located in arteries
• help regualte blood pressure

Question 18

The endocrine system

Answer 18

• responses take longer to be sent but last longer than the NS
• glands that release hormones into the bloodstream to regulate functions in the body

Question 19

What are hormones?

Answer 19

• chemicals released by endocrine glands or tissues to control and regualte the activity of other cells in the body
• hormones are directly sent into the blood to target cells
• can only interact with specific receptors on some cells

Question 20

What does the Diencephalon contain

Answer 20

• Hypothalamus ( centre of homeostasis)
• Thalamus (motor control)

Question 21

Bundle of His and purkinje fibres

Answer 21

• The Bundle of His is like a wire in the middle of the heart. It carries the electrical signal
• Purkinje fibres spread the signal through the ventricles to make them contract

Question 22

How does a sensory stimulus bring about a motor response

Answer 22

• Stimulus detected
• Sensory neurons sends signal
• Prossessing in the CNS
• Motor neuron sneds signal
• Response happens

Question 23

Insulin and glucagon

Answer 23

• help regulate blood sugar concentration
• insulin lowers blood sugar by helping cells absorb and store glucose
• glucagon raises blood sugar by releasing stored glucose from the liver

Question 24

Type of hormones

Answer 24

• Steroid are fat-soluble and pass through cell membane e.g testosterone
• non-steroid are not fat-soluble e.g adrebaline

Question 25

What is the nervous system?

Answer 25

It is a body-wide communication network made of neurons that send fast electrical signals to coordinate body functions

Question 26

What is homeostasis?

Answer 26

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes e.g. temperature, blood pressure and blood

Question 27

What is ventilation

Answer 27

The process of moving air iin and out of the lungs to refresh gases and maintain diffusion gradients

Question 28

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 28

It controls body functions by sedning hormones through the bloodstream. It helps regualte long-term processes like growth, metabolism, reproduction and homeostasis

Question 29

What is a target cell?

Answer 29

A cell that has the specific receptor for a hormone and therefore responds to it

Question 30

The pancreas glands

Answer 30

Releases insulin and glucagon to control blood glucose

Question 31

Gonads (ovaries/testes)

Answer 31

Produce reproductive hormones that regualte reproduction and can influence peformance

Question 32

Adrenal medulla

Answer 32

Releases epinephrine and norepinephrine during acute stress

Question 33

Pituitary gland

Answer 33

Regulates other endocrine glands (often called the 'master gland') - examples is growth hormones

Question 34

Peptide hormones chracteristics

Answer 34

- protein-like - water-soluble - can not cross the cell membrane easily - bind to cell surface receptors and use signaling cascades

Question 35

Steroid hormines

Answer 35

- lipid-like - fat-soluble - can corss cell memrbane - bind to intracellular receptors and can influence gene expression

Question 36

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Answer 36

Epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) are released from the adrenal medulla during acute stress. They act quickly to prepare the body for rapid action, supporting immediate phyciological responses during sotuations like competition

Question 37

Insulin and glucagon

Answer 37

Insulin and glucose are realeased by the pancreas and word as an opposing pair to keep blood glucose stable. When one hormone acts to decrease blood glucose, the other acts to increase it, helping maintin homeostasis - Insulin lowers blood glucose by promoting glucose uptake and storage (glycogen) - Glucagon raises blood glucose by promoting gylcogen breakdown and glucose release