A2.2 Cell structure

Question 1

Structures common to all cells

Answer 1

DNA
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Ribosomes

Question 2

DNA in prokaryotes

Answer 2

Naked, circular, usually no introns

Question 3

DNA in eukaryotes

Answer 3

Bound to protein, linear, usually has introns

Question 4

Organelles in prokaryotes

Answer 4

No nucleus, not membrane bound
70S ribosomes

Question 5

Organelles in eukaryotes

Answer 5

Has a nucleus, membrane bound
80S ribosomes

Question 6

Reproduction in prokaryotes

Answer 6

Binary fission
Single chromosomes

Question 7

Reproduction in eukaryotes

Answer 7

Meiosis and mitosis
Paired chromosomes

Question 8

Average size of prokaryotes

Answer 8

1-5 micrometers

Question 9

Average size of eukaryotes

Answer 9

10-100 micrometers

Question 10

Organelles in prokaryotes

Answer 10

Cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, naked DNA

Question 11

Organelles in eukaryotes

Answer 11

Nucleus, rough/smooth ER, golgi apparatus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, vesicles and vacuoles

Question 12

Cytoplasm

Answer 12

Region in a cell that does not include nucleus
Made of cytosol, ribosomes and other enzymes and proteins

Question 13

Nuclear envelope

Answer 13

Double layered structure with small openings called pores

Question 14

Mitochondria

Answer 14

Aerobic respiration

Question 15

Rough ER

Answer 15

Makes proteins for excretion

Question 16

Smooth ER

Answer 16

Synthesis of lipids

Question 17

Golgi apparatus

Answer 17

Modification, packaging, and distribution of materials made by cell

Question 18

Vesicles and vacuoles

Answer 18

Contain range of substances depending on function

Question 19

Chloroplasts

Answer 19

Photosynthesis

Question 20

Cytoskeleton

Answer 20

Network of microtubule and microfilament protein fibers
Maintain cell shape, anchoring some organelles, aiding cell movement, moving organelles

Question 21

Metabolism

Answer 21

All biochemical reactions that happen in a cell

Question 22

Response to stimuli

Answer 22

Perception of stimuli and change in actions as a response

Question 23

Homeostasis

Answer 23

Maintenance of a constant internal environment in an organism

Question 24

Growth

Answer 24

Increase in size and or number of cells

Question 25

Reproduction

Answer 25

Production of offspring, either sexually or asexually

Question 26

Excretion

Answer 26

Removal of waste products of metabolism from an organism

Question 27

Nutrition

Answer 27

Acquiring energy and materials needed to maintain life

Question 28

Animal cell wall

Answer 28

None

Question 29

Fungi cell wall

Answer 29

Chitin

Question 30

Plant cell wall

Answer 30

Cellulose

Question 31

Chloroplasts and plastids animal cell

Answer 31

None

Question 32

Chloroplasts and plastids fungi cell

Answer 32

None

Question 33

Chloroplasts and plastids plant cells

Answer 33

Some cells have chloroplasts and/or amyloplasts

Question 34

Animal cell size and function of vacuoles

Answer 34

Small temporary vacuoles

Question 35

Fungi cell size and function of vacuoles

Answer 35

Large permanent storage and pressure

Question 36

Plant cell size and function of vacuoles

Answer 36

Large permanent storage and pressure

Question 37

Animal cell presence of centrioles

Answer 37

For spindle fibers and microtubules

Question 38

Fungi cell presence of centrioles

Answer 38

None

Question 39

Plant cell presence of centrioles

Answer 39

None

Question 40

Animal cell presence of cilia and flagella

Answer 40

Yes

Question 41

Fungi cell presence of cilia and flagella

Answer 41

None

Question 42

Plant cell presence of cilia and flagella

Answer 42

None

Question 43

Structure of red blood cell

Answer 43

No nucleus Smaller, flatter and more flexible More surface area to volume ratio

Question 44

Structure of skeletal muscle cells

Answer 44

Columns of cells fuse together to form long muscle fibers during cell development

Question 45

Structure of septate fungal hyphae

Answer 45

Long thread like structures with several nuclei, less cell walls

Question 46

Structure of phloem sieve tube elements

Answer 46

Cylindrical cells that form tubes, no nucleus or organelles

Question 47

Origin of eukaryotic cells by endosymbiosis

Answer 47

1. 2 billion years ago large cells that respired anaerobically engulfed smaller cells that respired aerobically 2. Smaller cells were not killed 3. Two cells formed symbiotic relationship 4. Over time, smaller cells became more specialised for aerobic respiration and are no longer free living