A4.1

Question 1

Define evolution.

Answer 1

-change in heritable characteristics of a population over time

Question 2

Distinguish between Lamarckism and Darwinian evolution.

Answer 2

Lamarckism: used structures will strengthen and enlarge, weak structures will deteriorate
-these physical changes (use/disuse) will be inherited by offspring
Darwinian: heritable variations that benefit survival/reproduction passed to offspring

Question 3

Outline evolution via natural selection as a paradigm shift in biology.​

Answer 3

-physical changes are not passed to offspring.
-cells involved in reproduction (germline cells) can be passed onto offspring, not cells in the body (somatic cells)

Question 4

________ and ________ between DNA, RNA and amino acid sequences can be evidence for evolution.

Answer 4

similarities, differences

Question 5

Discuss sequence data showing evidence for evolution within a species.

Answer 5

DNA, RNA, and protein sequences can be analyzed to identify changes over time

Question 6

Outline the relationship between time, evolutionary relationships and biological sequence (nitrogenous base or amino acid) similarities between species.

Question 7

Define artificial selection.

Answer 7

humans select desired traits to breed together

Question 8

List reasons why humans have selectively bred domesticated animals and crop plants.

Answer 8

-work animals for various purposes
-improve yields,
-increase resistance to pests and diseases

Question 9

Outline how selective breeding can lead to rapid evolutionary change.

Answer 9

much higher frequency of those traits in the next generation than would occur naturally

Question 10

Explain an example of artificial selection in a crop plant.

Answer 10

teosinte —> corn

Question 11

Explain an example of artificial selection in a domestic animal.

Answer 11

—>domestic dogs
-400 breeds have been bred from this single ancestral species

Question 12

Define homologous structure.

Answer 12

-structures inherited from a common ancestor
-simmilar structure, different functions

Question 13

List examples of different types of homologous structures at different levels of biological organization.

Answer 13

anatomical, embryological, metabolic reactions, molecular sequences, vestigial structures

Question 14

Define pentadactyl limb.

Answer 14

Limb found in tetrapods with the same general bone structure. Is homologous structure.

Question 15

List the bone structures present in the pentadactyl limb (specific names of bones are not required).

Answer 15

Humerus, Radius and ulna, Wrist=carpals, Metacarpals and phalanges

Question 16

Identify pentadactyl limb structures in diagrams of amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.

Answer 16

humerus/femur, radius/ulna or tibia/fibula,

Question 17

Relate differences in pentadactyl limb structures to differences in limb function.

Answer 17

result of adaptive radiation, where a shared ancestral five-digit limb has been modified through natural selection to suit different environmental pressures and modes of locomotion

Question 18

Define divergent evolution.

Answer 18

groups from a single common ancestor accumulate differences over time, leading to the formation of new species that are increasingly distinct from each other

Question 19

Describe how divergent evolution explains the pattern found in pentadactyl limb structure yet allows for the specialization of different limb functions.​

Answer 19

different species inherited the same basic five-digit structure from a common ancestor but adapted it over time to different functions and environments

Question 20

Define analogous structure.

Answer 20

structures or behaviors of different species that may look similar or have the same function (not because of shared common ancestry)

Question 21

State an example of an analogous structure found in two species.

Answer 21

ability to fly is analogous between bats and birds

Question 22

Outline how convergent evolution results in analogous structures.​

Answer 22

Through the process of natural selection favoring similar solutions to similar environmental challenges in distantly related species

Question 23

Interpret cladograms to determine if traits are homologous or analogous.

Question 24

Define speciation.

Answer 24

evolutionary process by which a single ancestral species splits into two or more distinct, new species that are no longer able to interbreed

Question 25

Compare the process of speciation with that of gradual evolutionary change in an existing species.

Answer 25

gradual evolutionary change describes the slow, incremental transformation of a single species into a new one or the slow accumulation of changes within an existing species

Question 26

State the impact of speciation and extinction on the total number of species on Earth.

Answer 26

speciation increases the chances of species, extinction reduces the number of species

Question 27

List two processes required for speciation to occur.

Answer 27

1. Reproductive isolation 2. Differential selection

Question 28

Define reproductive isolation.

Answer 28

populations stop interbreeding with each other

Question 29

Outline how reproductive isolation and differential survival lead to speciation.

Answer 29

reproductive isolation prevents two populations from interbreeding, and differential survival (natural selection) drives genetic divergence in each population

Question 30

Outline the speciation between chimpanzees and bonobos.

Answer 30

allopatric speciation

Question 31

Compare allopatric and sympatric speciation.

Answer 31

allopatric-geographic barrier formed different population sympatric-species diverged to form separate population

Question 32

Explain temporal, behavioral and geographic isolation as mechanisms of reproductive isolation. give examples

Answer 32

temporal- timing isolation, individuals mate at different times of year (coral releases gametes into water at diff. times) behavioral- behaviors prevent mating (warbler mating behaviors prevented breeding) geographic isolation- physical separation of a population by natural barriers like mountains (ground squirrels separated as grand canyon formed)