OSPE > Abdomen > Flashcards

Abdomen Flashcards

(49 cards)

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1
Q

what organs can be found in the R upper quadrant?

A
  • right lobe of liver
  • pancreatic head
  • R kidney
  • upper part of asc colon
  • first part of transverse colon
  • gall bladder
  • right adrenal gland
  • duodenum
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2
Q

what organs can be found in the L upper quadrant?

A
  • left lobe of liver
  • left kidney
  • stomach
  • pancreatic body and tail
  • left adrenal gland
  • spleen
  • final part of transverse colon
  • upper part of descending colon
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3
Q

what organs can be found in the R lower quadrant?

A
  • appendix
  • caecum
  • right ovary and fallopian tube
  • right vas deferens
  • nerves and vessels of R testis
  • lower part of ascending colon
  • bladder (if very full)
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4
Q

what organs can be found in the L lower quadrant?

A
  • sigmoid colon
  • lower part of descending colon
  • left ovary and fallopian tube
  • nerves and vessels of left testis
  • left vas deferens
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5
Q

how do you divide the abdomen into 9 regions with horizontal lines?

A
  • subcostal plane (L3)

- Transtubercular plane (L5)

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6
Q

how do you find the transtubercular plane?

A
  • line passing through iliac tubercles

- illiac tubercles: can be palpated posteriorly to ASIS

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7
Q

what divides the abdomen into 9 regions vertically?

A

2 MCL on either side

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8
Q

what are the 3 regions on the top row?

A
  • R hypochondriac
  • epigastric
  • left hypochondriac
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9
Q

what are the 3 regions on the middle row?

A
  • R lumbar
  • umbilical
  • L lumbar
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10
Q

What are the 3 regions on the bottom row?

A
  • R inguinal
  • Suprapubic (hypogastic)
  • L inguinal
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11
Q

what is in the R hypochondriac?

A
  • SI
  • R kidney
  • gall bladder
  • hepatic flexure of colon
  • liver
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12
Q

what is in epigastric?

A
  • adrenal glands
  • spleen
  • pancreas
  • duodenum
  • stomach
  • liver
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13
Q

What is in the L hypochondriac?

A
  • pancreas
  • L kidney
  • splenic flexure of colon
  • spleen
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14
Q

What is in the R lumbar?

A
  • ascending colon
  • liver
  • gall bladder
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15
Q

What is in the umbilical region?

A
  • duodenum
  • ileum
  • jejunum
  • umbilicus
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16
Q

what is in the L Lumbar region?

A
  • descending colon

- left kidney

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17
Q

what can be found in the R inguinal region?

A
  • cecum

- appendix

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18
Q

what can be found in the suprapubic region?

A
  • female reproductive organs
  • sigmoid colon
  • urinary bladder
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19
Q

what can be found be in the L inguinal region?

A
  • descending colon

- sigmoid colon

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20
Q

what structures are present at the transpyloric plane?

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A
  • pylorus of stomach
  • 1st part of duodenum
  • L1
  • origin of SMA
  • hilum of spleen
  • liver
  • fundus of gallbladder
  • neck of pancreas
  • hila of kidneys
21
Q

what acronym can be used to remember the things at the transpyloric plane?

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A

Grandparents Like Paediatric Doctors Preventing Kids Sickness
G = gall bladder, L= liver, P = pylorus, D = duodenum, P = pancreas, k = kidneys, S = spleen

22
Q

where are the corners of the liver?

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A

upper right: 5th rib on MCL
upper left: 5th ICS
lower right: costal margin at MAL

23
Q

where is the gall bladder located?

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A

inferior border of liver

where rectus abdominis meets costal margin on 9th CC

24
Q

where is the spleen located?

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A

L hypochondriac region
ribs 9-11
lateral margin = level of MAL
medial margin = lateral border of erector spinae

25
what is important to remember before doing an abdo exam?
ask if in pain
26
how do you palpate liver?
start at iliac crest, move up to costal margin breathe in and out (liver is pushed down with each inhalation) light palpation first, then deep
27
how do you palpate the gall bladder?
palpate in diagonal direction with same technique
28
how do you auscultate the abdomen?
``` pick 2 places would listen for 3 mins ideally but listen for 30 normal = presence of bowel sounds abnormal = no bowel sounds heard always tap on diaphragm before use ```
29
how do you percuss the liver?
start at superior border = start at 2nd right ICS, work way down until you hear the sound change from resonant to dull inferior border = same thing but start from R inguinal region up
30
in what direction do you percuss the liver?
start from R inguina, region and advance towards L hypochondriac
31
what could cause an enlarged spleen?
- liver disease - infection e.g. bacterial endocarditis - inflammation e.g. Rheumatoid arthritis - sickle cell, HA
32
what could R upper quadrant pain indicate?
- gallbladder disease | - think gallbladder and liver
33
why can gallbladder pain refer to R shoulder?
gallbladder inflamed --> enlarged, might push on diaphragm = irritation sends a signal through R phrenic nerve, which arises from same place in spinal cord as supraclavicular nerve supraclavicular nerve innervated shoulder brain gets confused
34
what are the surface landmarks of the kidneys?
- 9-12cm long - Left slightly higher (R side has liver) - hilum = at transpyloric plane (L1) 4-5cm lateral to posterior midline - superior pole of L is at rib 10, R is half a vertebrae below - inferior pole of L is 4cm above supracristal plane (L4)
35
how do you palpate the kidneys?
- balloting - place one hand underneath patients flank with palm facing up, fingers in renal angle - other hand to palpate ant abdo wall by pressing just below costal margin - ask pt to take a deep breath, try and capture kidney
36
where is a lumbar puncture carried out in adults/children?
adults - between L3/4 children - L4/5 find supracristal plane and move up 1 vertebrae
37
label bony landmarks of pelvis
GO TO GREY'S ANATOMY FLASHCARDS
38
what are the differences between male and female pelvic bones?
- ilium: males more narrow, women broad - pelvic inlet shape: males narrower/heart shaped, females wider/oval shaped - pubic arch (b/ 2 inferior pubic rami): males = 70 degrees, female = 90-100 - sacrum: males longer/narrow, females shorter/wider
39
what are hernias?
protrusions of abdominal contents through a weak spot in muscle layer of abdo wall
40
what is the difference b/ direct and indirect inguinal hernias?
direct: arises directly through inguinal nerve indirect: arises through inguinal ring and through canal
41
what are the 2 inguinal rings and what do they maark?
- deep and superficial | - beginning and end of inguinal canal
42
what is the location of the deep ring?
located just superiorly to inguinal ligament (midway between ASIS and pubic symphysis)
43
what is the location of the superficial ring?
medial to deep in medial 1/3 of distance between ASIS and pubic symphysis superficial to inguinal ligament
44
what does the inguinal canal contain?
ilio-inguinal nerve genital branch of genitofemoral nerve spermatic cord round ligament of uterus
45
what is the route of semen in ejaculation?
``` SEVEnUP S: seminiferous tubules of testes E: epididymis V: vas deferens E: ejaculatory duct ```
46
describe the route of urine in micturition in males
overlaps with seminal route urine from ureters collects in bladder travels through urethra to penis
47
describe the route of a fertilised oocyte
egg created in ovaries released into fallopian tubes fertilised by sperm if present travels to uterus where it implants itself and remains until birth
48
what is the route of micturition in females
doesnt overlap with any reproductive procedures ureters transport urine into bladder urine exits through urethra
49
why are females more susceptible to UTIs?
1. male urethra longer than female length between external bacteria and bladder short --> harder for body to fight infections 2. opening of urethra in females is closer to anus --> easier for pathogens to travel up
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