What are the three parts in a paragraph?
Topic sentence, supporting sentence, concluding sentence
What is hedging?
Expressing uncertainty when necessary.
What is academic language?
Name 5 adjectives
- Formal
- Objective
- Concise
- Cautious
- Precise
What must all sentences in English have?
| Name 5.
- A subject
- A verb
- A complete thought
- A capital letter at the beginning
- A form of punctuation (. ? !) at the end
What is IMRaD?
- Introduction
Goal, motivation, background - Methods
How was the study done? - Results
What did they find? - Discussion
What does this mean? Why was this important? How can this be used?
What are ways to avoid using “I” in an academic text?
- Use active voice instead of passive
- Avoid third person
- Avoid anthropomorphism (this experiment makes)
- Don’t use “we” when writing a paper by yourself
What is a funnel structure?
It goes from broad to specific, more important to less important.
Where should a funnel structure be applied in a text?
- Introduction sections
- Within paragraphs
- Conclusion
- Discussion = reverse funnel
Where should a chronological structure be used?
- Method and results
- Abstract
- Conclusion
What does BLUF mean when writing topic sentences?
Bottom
Line
Up
Front
What is the Known-New Contract?
A writing strategy to help make writing more cohesive.
One part references something that is already known, and one part is new.
What is signposting?
Using words that explain the connection between sentences.
Examples: on the other hand…, similarly…., likewise…., therefore…
What 4 types of sentences are there?
- Simple (one independent clause)
- Compound (two or more independent clauses joined together)
- Complex (one independent clause with one or more dependent clauses)
- Compound-complex (at least three clauses, two independent, one dependent)
How should compound sentences be constructed?
Always need a comma and a coordinating conjunction:
For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so (fanboys)
How should complex sentences be constructed?
Dependent clause first: use comma
Independent first: no comma
What are 5 common errors when constructing sentences?
- Sentence fragments (missing verb or subject)
- Choppy (too short)
- Run-on (combine independent without conjunction)
- Comma-splice (comma used, but no conjunction)
- Stringy (too long)
