Acid Base

Question 1

The body contains a large variety of ions (electrolytes) which perform a variety of functions
* transmission of…
* stabilize …
* releasing …
* … balance and movement of water between cells and their environment

• Sodium (Na+) - where?
• Potassium (K+) - where?
• Chloride (Cl-) - where?
• Calcium (Ca2+) - where?
• Phosphate (HPO42-) - where?
• Magnesium (Mg2+)
• Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Answer 1

The body contains a large variety of ions (electrolytes) which perform a variety of functions
* transmission of electrical impulses along cell membranes
* stabilize protein structures in enzymes
* releasing hormones from endocrine glands
* osmotic balance and movement of water between cells and their environment

• Sodium (Na+) - extra
• Potassium (K+) - intra
• Chloride (Cl-) - extra
• Calcium (Ca2+) - extra
• Phosphate (HPO42-) - intra
• Magnesium (Mg2+)
• Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 2

Sodium is the … of the … cellular fluid and is responsible for ~1/2 of …

Filtered in the glomerular capillaries of kidney. some remains in the filtrate as such, it is normal to be found excreted in our urine

Potassium is the major …cellular …, and it helps establish the … in neurons and muscle fibers

Potassium has little effect on …

Answer 2

Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid and is responsible for ~1/2 of osmotic pressure gradient

Filtered in the glomerular capillaries of kidney. some remains in the filtrate as such, it is normal to be found excreted in our urine

Potassium is the major intracellular cation, and it helps establish the resting membrane potential in neurons and muscle fibers

Potassium has little effect on osmotic pressure

Question 3

Chloride is the predominant …cellular … and is a major contributor to the …

Chloride functions to balance … in the …, maintaining the electrical neutrality of this fluid
* Secretion and reabsorption of chloride ions in the renal system follows that of …

Sodium and Chloride are … from the renal filtrate, and potassium is …
* The control of this exchange is mainly governed by … and …

Our body contains ~… of calcium
Calcium is an …cellular … in our blood and is necessary for …, … activity, and blood …

The most important regulator of calcium in our blood is …
Calcitriol (active form of …)
When blood calcium levels rise, release …

Answer 3

Chloride is the predominant extracellular anion and is a major contributor to the osmotic pressure gradient between the ICF and ECF

Chloride functions to balance cations in the ECF, maintaining the electrical neutrality of this fluid
* Secretion and reabsorption of chloride ions in the renal system follows that of sodium ions

Sodium and Chloride are reabsorbed from the renal filtrate, and potassium is excreted into the filtrate in the renal collecting tubule
* The control of this exchange is mainly governed by aldosterone and angiotensin II

Our body contains ~1 kg of calcium
Calcium is an extracellular cation in our blood and is necessary for muscle contraction, enzyme activity, and blood coagulation

The most important regulator of calcium in our blood is parathyroid hormone
Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D)
When blood calcium levels rise, release Calcitonin

Question 4

Our bones and teeth using ~85% of the body’s … as part of calcium-… salts

Phosphate acts as a weak … to buffer intracellular fluids
Phosphate is found in …, in … (…)

Magnesium is the found in the … matrix and is the second most common …cellular …

Magnesium activates several enzyme systems involved in the metabolism of … and … and is needed for operation of the …

Bicarbonate is the … abundant anion in the blood and functions to maintain the …

Answer 4

Our bones and teeth using ~85% of the body’s phosphate as part of calcium-phosphate salts

Phosphate acts as a weak base to buffer intracellular fluids
Phosphate is found in phospholipid membrane, in adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

Magnesium is the predominantly found in the bone matrix as magnesium salt and is the second most common intracellular cation

Magnesium activates several enzyme systems involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins and is needed for operation of the sodium pump

Bicarbonate is the second most abundant anion in the blood and functions to maintain the acid- base balance in our blood

Question 5

A buffer prevents a radical change in fluid pH by dampening the change in hydrogen ion concentrations

Most commonly, the buffer will be able to function as both:
* a weak acid (takes up … ions)
* a weak base (takes up … ions)

chemical buffers speed?
Breathing buffer speed?
renal buffer speed?

types of buffers?
* P…
* P…
* … acid buffers

Answer 5

A buffer prevents a radical change in fluid pH by dampening the change in hydrogen ion concentrations

Most commonly, the buffer will be able to function as both:
* a weak acid (takes up hydroxyl ions)
* a weak base (takes up hydrogen ions)

chemical buffers speed? - Fastest, seconds
Breathing buffer speed? - medium, minutes
renal buffer speed? - slow, hours to days

types of buffers?
* Phosphate
* Proteins
* Bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffers

Question 6

Bicarbonate ions and carbonic, …:… ratio if the blood pH is normal
* Efficient at buffering changes that would make the blood more …. This is useful because most of the body’s metabolic wastes are …

The respiratory system contributes to the balance of acids and bases in the body by regulating the …

The renal regulation of the body’s acid-base controls the …

cells of the renal tubule are … to bicarbonate ions

• Instead, we transport it as water and CO2 into the cells along the collecting duct which reformed into carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and H+, and the new bicarbonate can be transported into the blood

Answer 6

Bicarbonate ions and carbonic, 20:1 ratio if the blood pH is normal
* Efficient at buffering changes that would make the blood more acidic. This is useful because most of the body’s metabolic wastes are acids

The respiratory system contributes to the balance of acids and bases in the body by regulating the blood levels of carbonic acid

The renal regulation of the body’s acid-base controls the blood levels of bicarbonate

cells of the renal tubule are not permeable to bicarbonate ions

• Instead, we transport it as water and CO2 into the cells along the collecting duct which reformed into carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and H+, and the new bicarbonate can be transported into the blood

Question 6

The phosphate buffer system is an effective buffer in … fluids and …
this system is made of
* Monohydrogen phosphate ions (HPO42-) acts as a weak …
* Dihydrogen phosphate ions (H2PO4-) acts as a weak …

The protein buffer system is the most abundant buffer in …. and …
Both a weak acid and a weak base
* The weak acids in the … groups counteract rising pH
* The weak bases in the … groups counteract falling pH

The most important protein buffer is …

The most important buffer for maintaining the acid-base balance in the blood is the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system
* Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) acts as a weak …
* Carbonic acid (H2CO3) acts as a weak …

Answer 6

The phosphate buffer system is an effective buffer in intracellular fluids (cytosol) and urine
* Monohydrogen phosphate ions (HPO42-) acts as a weak base
* Dihydrogen phosphate ions (H2PO4-) acts as a weak acid

The protein buffer system is the most abundant buffer in body cells and plasma Both a weak acid and a weak base

• The weak acids in the carboxylic groups counteract rising pH
• The weak bases in the amino groups counteract falling pH

The most important protein buffer is hemoglobin

The most important buffer for maintaining the acid-base balance in the blood is the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system
* Bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) acts as a weak base
* Carbonic acid (H2CO3) acts as a weak acid

Question 7

• A person who has a blood pH below 7.35 is considered to be in …. Fatal?
• A person who has a blood pH above 7.45 is considered to be in …, and a pH above … is fatal

acidosis is a … of the central nervous system

alkalosis is a … of the central nervous systems

A change in pH ↑ or ↓ can alter the shape of the enzymes in our body
* Can become non-functional
* Affects metabolic activity

Compensation may be either:
* Complete – pH is …
* Partial – pH is …

Answer 7

• A person who has a blood pH below 7.35 is considered to be in acidosis. at 7
• A person who has a blood pH above 7.45 is considered to be in alkalosis, and a pH above 7.8 is fatal

acidosis is a depression of the central nervous system

alkalosis is an over-excitability of the central and peripheral nervous systems

A change in pH ↑ or ↓ can alter the shape of the enzymes in our body
* Can become non-functional
* Affects metabolic activity

Compensation may be either:
* Complete – pH is brought back within the 7.35-7.45 range
* Partial – pH is adjusted towards the normal range but is still <7.35 or >7.45

Question 8

Altered pH for metabolic reasons (retention or excretion of too much bicarbonate at the kidneys) then the … will compensate
* Respiratory compensation happens in …

Metabolic acidosis is a … bicarbonate level and … pH, and results from an abnormal increase in acid metabolic products (other than CO2), or failure of the kidneys to excrete … ions
* Respiratory compensation via …ventilation, … PaCO2
* Complete compensation results in normal pH with … HCO3- and PaCO2

Metabolic alkalosis is an … in bicarbonate concentration and results from non-respiratory loss of acid (e.g., excessive vomiting) or excess intake of alkaline drugs
* Respiratory compensation via …, … PaCO2
* Complete compensation results in normal pH with … HCO3- and PaCO2

Answer 8

If a person has altered pH for metabolic reasons (retention or excretion of too much bicarbonate at the kidneys) then the respiratory system will compensate
* Respiratory compensation happens in minutes to hours

Metabolic acidosis is a decreased bicarbonate level and decreased pH, and results from an abnormal increase in acid metabolic products (other than CO2), or failure of the kidneys to excrete H+ ions
* Respiratory compensation via hyperventilation, decreasing PaCO2
* Complete compensation results in normal pH with low HCO3- and PaCO2

Metabolic alkalosis is an increase in bicarbonate concentration and results from non-respiratory loss of acid (e.g., excessive vomiting) or excess intake of alkaline drugs
* Respiratory compensation via hypoventilation, increasing PaCO2
* Complete compensation results in normal pH with high HCO3- and PaCO2

Question 9

• Respiratory acidosis refers to increased … causing pH to …
• Respiratory alkalosis refers to decreased … causing pH to …
• Metabolic acidosis refers to decreased …- causing pH to …
• Metabolic alkalosis refers to increased … causing pH to …
  ROME - …

Altered pH for respiratory reasons, … will compensate through either retention or excretion … at the kidneys to alter pH

Respiratory acidosis is characterized by …ventilation
* Renal compensation of excreting … and reabsorption of …
* Complete compensation results in normal pH with … CO2 and HCO3-

Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by a … arterial blood PaCO2 and … pH and is caused by …ventilation
* Renal compensation of excreting … and increased reabsorption of …
* Complete compensation results in normal pH with … CO2 and HCO3-

Answer 9

• Respiratory acidosis refers to increased PaCO2 causing pH to drop
• Respiratory alkalosis refers to decreased PaCO2 causing pH to increase
• Metabolic acidosis refers to decreased HCO3- causing pH to drop
• Metabolic alkalosis refers to increased HCO3 causing pH to increase
  ROME - Respiratory opposite, metabolic same

Altered pH for respiratory reasons, urinary system will compensate through either retention or excretion bicarbonate at the kidneys to alter pH

Respiratory acidosis is characterized by hypoventilation
* Renal compensation of excreting H+ and increased reabsorption of HCO3-
* Complete compensation results in normal pH with high CO2 and HCO3-

Respiratory alkalosis is characterized by a decreased arterial blood PaCO2 and increased pH and is caused by hyperventilation
* Renal compensation of excreting HCO3- and increased reabsorption of H+
* Complete compensation results in normal pH with low CO2 and HCO3-

Question 9

Question 10

Answer 10