Adaptation

Question 1

what is adaptation?

Answer 1

it is a trait that increases the fitness of the individuals relative to individuals that don’t have the trait

Question 2

what causes adaptation ?

Answer 2

it can arise by mutation and selection but can be aided or hindered by drift and migration

Question 3

what is an example of testing adaptation hypothesis?

Answer 3

the ox and oxpecker are thought to have a mutalism as work together but when tested we can see the the oxpecker drinks its blood and eats its ear wax

Question 4

if we observe a correlation between two variables, can we infer that one is the cause of the other ?

Answer 4

no we cant infer causation of relationship y is casued by x ; vice versa

Question 5

what are the 3 methods for studying adaptation ?

Answer 5

1. Experimental (most powerful can isolate variable)
2. Observational
3. Comparative

Question 6

what are 3 key principles for adaptation ?

Answer 6

1. Differences among population are not always adaptations
2. Not every trait an organism possses is adaptive
3. Not every adaptation is perfect (antagonist selection)

Question 7

what is an example of the experimental approach ?

Answer 7

the tephritid fly and the jumping spider and what there wing marking and wing waving of the fly function for and there was 3 hypothesis with a control
H1: does not mimic spider
H2: mimic spider to scare other predation
H3 :mimic spiders to scare spiders
they used a control and tested and resulted in H3 being correct

Question 8

what is example of the observational approach ?

Answer 8

the gater snakes and them making adaptive choices at night for optimals temperature or not , if they are ectothermic or poikilothermic
H1: snakes preferentially select rocks as nighttime retreats
H0: snakes choose rocks randomly
for thin and thick rocks it was not or barely hitting the snakes tp range but it was observed a medium rock was the best habitat and there was 34% medium rocks and 61.5% choose medium and therefore proving H1

Question 9

what is the comparative method?

Answer 9

it evaluates the strength of a hypothesis by testing patterns across species or lineages and requires the knowledge of evolutionary relationships

Question 10

what is an example of comparative studies?

Answer 10

question: why do some bats have larger testes than others
hypo: adaption for sperm competition
compared chart and phylo data that proves roosting number increased with teste size

Question 11

can phenotypic plasticity itself evolve ?

Answer 11

yes it can evolve on it self

Question 12

what is phenotypic plasticity?

Answer 12

phenotypes arise due to both genotype and environmental interactions, identical genotypes can result in different phenotypes in different environments

Question 13

what is a trade off?

Answer 13

a compromise between one character and another or two aspects of a single character that can prevent the simultaneous optimization of two different characters and cannot be avoided

Question 14

what is a constraint ?

Answer 14

a factor that tends to slow the rate of adaptive evolution or prevent a population from optimizing a trait

Question 15

what is is phylogenetically independent constraints ?

Answer 15

it is a method of evaluating cross species correlations among traits

Question 16

what is an example of phenotypic plasticity ?

Answer 16

the daphina fish among 3 lakes that have genetic variation among their phototatic behaviour due to fish predation as they move to the dark avoid the fishes

Question 17

what is example of trade off

Answer 17

last one

Question 18

what is an example of a physiological constraints

Answer 18

last one