Biology > Adaptations, interdependence and competition > Flashcards

Adaptations, interdependence and competition Flashcards

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1
Q

Kingdoms

A

-first division of living things in classification system
-five kingdoms are:
> animals
> plants
> fungi
> protists
> prokaryotes

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2
Q

Linnaeus’s system of classification

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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3
Q

Binomial system

A

-allows scientists to accurately identify individual species by giving them a two part Latin name
-Genus species
(e.g. Panthera leo)

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4
Q

Why were more divisions created to the classification system?

A

-more scientific equipment became available

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5
Q

Three domains

A

-Archaea (primitive bacteria usually living in extreme environments)
-Bacteria/Prokaryotes (true bacteria)
-Eukaryota (including protists, fungi, plants and animals)

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6
Q

How did the Linnaean system divide organisms?

A

-classified organisms in different groups based on their structure and characteristics

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7
Q

Species

A

-group of organisms capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring

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8
Q

Three domain system

A

-developed by Carl Woese
-based on scientific evidence from chemical analysis

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9
Q

Evolutionary trees

A

-scientists use it to see how closely related organisms are genetically

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10
Q

What is at the tip of each branch of an evolutionary tree?

A

Species

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11
Q

If species on branches are close together…

A

…they are closely related.

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12
Q

When two branches on an evolutionary tree meet…

A

…there will be a species that’s related to both organisms (common ancestor)

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13
Q

Species that are separated by lots of branches are…

A

…not closely related.

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14
Q

Binomial system is written in:

A

-italics or underlined
-Latin

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15
Q

Ecosystem

A

-the interaction between a community of living organisms and their environment

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16
Q

Population

A

-all the members of the same/closely-related species living in a habitat

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17
Q

Community

A

-two or more populations of different species living in a habitat

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18
Q

Producer

A

-organism that makes its own food, usually by photosynthesis
-e.g. plants and algae

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19
Q

Primary consumer

A

-herbivores that eat producers

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20
Q

Secondary consumer

A

-carnivores/omnivores that eat primary consumers

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21
Q

Tertiary consumer

A

-carnivores/omnivores that eat secondary consumers

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22
Q

Interdependence

A

-when organisms in an ecosystem depend on each other for food and resources

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23
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

-competition within the same species for resources like food, mates, or territory e.g. two foxes competing for prey in the same habitat

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24
Q

Interspecific competition

A

-competition between different species for shared resources
e.g. plants competing for sunlight or water

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25
Stable community
-when the size of the populations of all the species remains relatively constant over time
26
Abiotic factors
-non-living factors that can affect a community
27
Abiotic factors examples
-light intensity -temperature -moisture levels -soil pH + mineral content -wind intensity and direction -carbon dioxide levels for plants -oxygen levels for aquatic animals
28
Abiotic and biotic factors affect...
....the abundance and distribution of living organisms in an ecosystem.
29
Biotic factors
-living factors that can affect a community
30
Biotic factors examples
-availability of food -new predators -new pathogens -competition
31
How to answer data questions:
In 1945 grey squirrels were only found in central Southern England and in small numbers on the East coast of Northern England. By 2000 they had spread throughout England and Wales. The red squirrel is now only found in parts of Scotland and Ireland . The pattern does not appear to have changed much between 2000 and 2010.
32
What limitations are there to drawing conclusions from a diagram?
-information is only from one source -could be compared with others to ensure its reliability
33
What do plants compete for?
-light -minerals -water -space This competition can be both intraspecifc and interspecific
34
What do animals compete for?
-food -mates -territory Food and territory can be both interspecific and intraspecific, whereas mates are intraspecific
35
3 types of adaptations
-structural -physiological -behavioral
36
Structural adaptations
-physical features which enable an organism to survive/reproduce in its environment
37
Behavioral adaptations
-change in an organisms' behavior enabling it to survive/reproduce in its environment
38
Physiological adaptations
-functional processes that enable an organism to survive/reproduce in its environment
39
Structural adaptations in plants examples
-formation of spines to stop a plant being eaten -wide-spread roots to absorb lots of water -large leaves to maximise photosynthesis -flowers, attract insects to pollinate them
40
Behavioral adaptations in plants examples
-plant shoots grow quickly towards the light to maximise photosynthesis -flytrap closing the trap to catch an insect
41
Physiological adaptations in plants examples
-nettle plant has tiny needles that contain poison -deadly nightshade so poisonous that they can kill once eaten
42
Structural adaptations in animals examples
-sharp claws/teeth to catch prey -eyes on the sides of their heads to spot predators -eyes on the front of their heads to spot prey
43
Behavioral adaptations in animals examples
-mating rituals -wolves working together in packs -crocodiles using twigs to lure birds
44
Physiological adaptations in animals examples
-production of venom to defend themselves and to kill their prey -hibernation
45
Extremophile
-organism that lives in a very extreme environment
46
What makes an environment extreme?
-very high or low temperatures -extreme pressures -high salt concentrations -highly acidic or alkaline conditions -lack of oxygen or water
47
Examples of extreme environments
-polar regions -desert regions -deep sea volcanic vents
48
How are polar bears structurally adapted to live in the Arctic?
-white fur for camouflage when hunting prey -feet with large surface area to distribute weight on snow -small ears to reduce heat loss (small sa:v ratio also) -thick fur and layer of blubber for insulation
49
How are camels structurally adapted to living in the desert?
-feet with large surface area to distribute weight on sand -tough mouth and tongue to allow camel to eat cacti -long eyelashes to keep sand out of eyes -baggy skin to increase surface area
50
How are tubeworms adapted to living in deep volcanic sea vents?
-do chemosynthesis, converting chemicals into energy > don't rely on food or sunlight -extreme tolerance to heat and chemicals -red plume that acts as a gill, absorbing lots of oxygen
51
How does wind intensity and direction affect an ecosystem?
-animals seek habitats without exposure to strong winds -carry seeds of plants across distances -organisms that fly depend on wind patterns for migration, navigation, and movement
52
How does a change in abiotic factors affect a whole ecosystem?
-animals are interdependent e.g. rabbit is not directly affected by moisture levels but the grass that it eats is, so it can be affected too
53
How can the introduction of a new species affect an ecosystem?
-result in competing too much with an existing species -this competition make the population of the existing species too low to breed and they do not survive
54
Predator
-animal that hunts and kills for food
55
Prey
-animal that is hunted and killed for food
55
What does the xylem carry?
-water
56
What does the phloem carry?
-sugar
57
Habitat
-place where an organism lives defined by its abiotic factors
58
Biodiversity
-number and range of all living things in a given area
58
Biosphere
-the regions of the Earth where living organisms are found
59
Niche
-the role a species plays within an ecosystem
60
Decomposers
-microorganisms that break down dead matter and waste
61
How is a camel structurally adapted to its environment?
-tough mouth and tongue to eat cacti -feet with large surface area to distribute weight on sand -thick eyelashes to stop sand getting into its eyes -baggy skin to increase surface area
62
How is a camel behaviorally adapted to its environment?
-rest during the hottest part of the day -travel in herds
63
How is a polar bear behaviourally adapted to its environment?
-females dig snow dens to protect themselves and their cubs -hunting on sea ice to catch seals
64
Uni-cellular organisms
-organisms made up of one single cell
65
Multi-cellular organisms
-organisms made up of many cell
65
What happens if fox numbers decrease?
1. Rabbits increase, as fox numbers are low 2. Foxes increase, lots of rabbits to eat 3. Rabbits decrease, lots of foxes to eat them 4. Fox numbers decrease as they have less prey to eat
66
Trophic level
-specific level or position in a food chain
67
What do arrows in a food chain show?
-shows the transfer of biomass/flow of energy
68
Why will much of the energy from the Sun not become part of the plant's biomass?
-some reflects off -some hits parts of the plant that can't photosynthesise
69
List 3 ways that energy is lost from animals
-energy is lost as heat during metabolic processes -waste excretion -energy is used for movement
70
Why do we use food webs?
-shows the feeding relationships within communities of organisms
71
Mutualism
-where both organisms benefit
72
Parasitism
-where one organism benefits and another is harmed
73
Commensalism
-where one organism benefits and the other is not affected
74
As something gets bigger, usually...
..the volume increases more than the surface area does, so the sa:v ratio gets smaller.
75
What does a food chain show?
-shows the feeding relationships between different species in an ecosystem
76
In a healthy ecosystem, the number of predator and prey remains...
...constant.
77
If the population of the prey increases, the population of the predator will...
....increase, but then the population of the prey will decrease (as they will get eaten) -predators, will then decrease (as they have less food to eat)
78
Why does it take time for differences to show up in predator-prey cycles?
-they are out-of-sync
79
Why does competition exist?
-organisms need specific resources to survive, and there's not an equal amount for all -so they need to compete for them
80
What are adaptations?
-features that make organisms better suited to survive and reproduce in their environment
81
What are the adaptations of a cactus?
-cells contain toxins so they are not eaten -spiky to avoid being eaten -thick fleshy stem reduces water loss -wide roots to absorb all the water available at the surface
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