adaptive immunity

Question 1

adaptive immunity purpose

Answer 1

1. Destruction of infectious microorganisms that are resistant to inflammation
2. long term, highly effective protection against future exposure to the same microorganism
3. inducible (antibodies and lymphocytes are created to respond so the response is slower

Question 2

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)

Answer 2

bind to antigens on bacteria and viruses

Question 3

B and t cells differentiate into _____cells for repeat infections

Answer 3

memory cells

Question 4

Active immunity

Answer 4

exposure to antigen
immunization
long lived immunity

Question 5

B cells and T cells are generally also referred to as _____
Where do T cells and B cells mature in the body?

Answer 5

lymphocytes
T cells mature and differentiate in the thymus
B cells mature and differentiate in the bone marrow

Question 6

In circulation at any given time _____% of T cells and ______% of B cells

Answer 6

60-70% T cells
10-20% B cells

Question 7

Clonal diversity

Answer 7

programed at birth immune knowledge of many antigens
Primarily occurs in the fetus
B and T cell production
Causes naive, immunocompetent T and B cells

Question 8

clonal selection

Answer 8

begins when infection occurs
an antigen needs to be handled by phagocytes
then those phagocytes display the antigen on their surface. Lymphocytes meet that antigen and process it.
Occurs in secondary lymphoid organs such as spleen

Question 9

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 9

identify and kill a target cells

Question 10

helper T cell

Answer 10

regulate immune response and inflammatory response

Question 11

T regulatory cells

Answer 11

suppress inappropriate immune or inflammatory response

Question 12

B cells

Answer 12

mature into plasma cells and these cells make your antibodies
production in bone marrow
Each cells only responds to a specific antigen
travel to lymphoid tissue
prevent autoimmune disease

Question 13

passive immunity

Answer 13

preformed antibodies or T cells are administered
Short lived
such as from placenta to baby

Question 14

cellular immunity

Answer 14

effector T cells are formed in the blood and tissues then defend against any kind of pathogens or possible cancers

Question 15

Memory cells

Answer 15

formed through cellular and humoral immunity
they remember the antigen

Question 16

Antigens

Answer 16

bind with antibodies or receptors on T and B cells
Not necessarily Immunogens
Just because an antigen binds, does not mean it induces production of antibodies

Question 17

Immunogens

Answer 17

Induce production of antibodies, T and B cells
All immunogens are antigens but not all antigens are immunogens

Question 18

haptens

Answer 18

Too small to be immunogen by themselves, but become immunogenic after combing with larger molecules that function as carriers for the haptens

Question 19

Urushiol, a toxin found in poison Ivy, is an example of an antigen that does not produce an immune reaction T or F

Answer 19

True

Question 20

Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)

Answer 20

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

Question 21

IgG

Answer 21

Most abundant
80-85% in circulation
most immunity against infections
passed cross placenta

Question 22

IgA

Answer 22

found in blood and bodily secretions including tears
becomes important when considering to infuse with IVIG, if levels of IgA are not normal then at risk for anaphylaxis when giving IgG

Question 23

IgM

Answer 23

largest immunoglobulin
First antibody produced to a new infection
synthesized early on in neonatal life

Question 24

IgD

Answer 24

found on B cells

Question 25

IgE

Answer 25

least concentrated in circulation mediator of allergic response

Question 26

common cause of environment allergies

Answer 26

IgE because over production of antigen when exposed to dust or cat dander etc Used in defense against parasites

Question 27

Epitope and paratope

Answer 27

Epitope-area of antigen recognized by an antibody paratope-matching portion on the antibody

Question 28

Antibody function

Answer 28

protection against infection Direct, Neutralization (blocking of binding), Agglutination (clump together), Indirect, activation of immune response

Question 29

Secretory (Mucosal) Immune system

Answer 29

lymphoid tissues that protect the external surfaces of the body antibodies present in tears, sweat, saliva, mucus and breast milk IgA is dominant immunoglobulin-prevents invasion and attachment of pathogens in the tissues

Question 30

T cell development

Answer 30

Production, proliferation, differentiation in the thymus development of antigen-specific T cell receptors

Question 31

Primary immune response

Answer 31

Initial exposure Latent period or lag phase (B cell differentiation is occurring to produce antibodies) 5-7 days, IgM antibody for a specific antigen is detected IgG that is equal or less follows IgM response a "priming" of the immune system

Question 32

Secondary response

Answer 32

subsequent exposure more rapid larger amounts of antibody are produced rapidity is the result of memory cells that require less further differentiation IgM may be transiently produced but IG is produced in considerably greater numbers

Question 33

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Answer 33

glycoproteins on the surface of all human cells (except RBCs) referred to as human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) (transplants) class 1-present endogenous antigens Class 2-exogenous antigens

Question 34

Class 1 endogenous antigens

Answer 34

molecules found on microbes, could be infection

Question 35

class 2 exogenous antigens

Answer 35

pieces of cells that originate inside cells that infectious or cancerous. In other words, cells has already become infected or cancerous

Question 36

T helper cell lymphocytes

Answer 36

Help antigen driven maturation of B and T cells

Question 37

Superantigens (SAGs)

Answer 37

manipulate normal interaction between APCs and Th cells are caused infection active large population of T lymphocytes and cytokines (fever, low blood, potential shock)

Question 38

B cell activation

Answer 38

B cell encounters an antigen for the first time, B cells receptors are stimulated to differentiate and proliferate Becomes plasma cell Plasma Cell is factory for antibody production single class of antibody It can switch its class of antibodies if it needs to

Question 39

T cell activation

Answer 39

antigen to specific T cell receptor allows killing of foreign or abnormal cells

Question 40

Cytotoxic cells

Answer 40

kill cancer cells or cells with a virus MHC class 1

Question 41

Natural killer cells

Answer 41

similar to cytotoxic but no specific receptor

Question 42

Lymphokine secreting T cells

Answer 42

secrete cytokines amplify inflammation

Question 43

T regulatory lymphocytes

Answer 43

differentiate from helper cells provide tolerance against self-antigens and suppress immune response

Question 44

pediatric immunity

Answer 44

Born with deficiencies in antibody production has IgM response in utero IgG begins after birth Maternal antibodies provide protection within fetal circulation and during first months of life

Question 45

Aging and Immune function

Answer 45

decreased T cell activity thymic hormone production drops as does organ's ability to mediate T cell differentiation decreased antibody response to antigens