- Based on the assigned reading, physical connection between lipid droplets and mitochondria
in muscle may facilitate what process?
a) insulin production
b) the transfer and oxidation of fatty acids upon energy demand
c) glycogen synthesis
d) all of the above
e) only a) and b) above
b) the transfer and oxidation of fatty acids upon energy demand
- Based on the assigned reading, what is a key finding regarding lipid droplets in skeletal
muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes?
a) patients with type 2 diabetes have a decreased number of lipid droplets compared to the lean
controls
b) lipid droplets in patients with type 2 diabetes are smaller than droplets in the obese controls
c) patients with type 2 diabetes have larger lipid droplets in the subsarcolemmal space
compared to lean and obese controls
d) there is no difference in lipid droplet size between lean individuals and patients with type 2
diabetes
e) none of the above
c) patients with type 2 diabetes have larger lipid droplets in the subsarcolemmal space
compared to lean and obese controls
- Based on the assigned reading, what effect did high-intensity interval training (HIIT) have on
intramuscular lipid droplet (LD) storage patterns in patients with type 2 diabetes?
a) HIIT increased the size of subsarcolemmal lipid droplets
b) HIIT caused complete depletion of lipid droplets from skeletal muscle
c) HIIT remodeled lipid droplet size and distribution toward a pattern more similar to
non-diabetic muscle
d) HIIT had no effect on lipid droplet morphology or distribution
e) HIIT increased lipid droplet accumulation only in type II muscle fibers
c) HIIT remodeled lipid droplet size and distribution toward a pattern more similar to
non-diabetic muscle
- According to the assigned reading, what characteristic of intramuscular lipid storage in type 2
diabetes complicates understanding lipid-induced insulin resistance?
a) lipid droplets are distributed uniformly across all muscle fibers
b) intramuscular lipid storage shows high cellular heterogeneity between individual
muscle fibers
c) lipid droplets are only present in type 1 muscle fibers
d) lipid droplets are completely absent in lean individuals
e) lipid droplets are identical in size and number between all study groups
b) intramuscular lipid storage shows high cellular heterogeneity between individual
muscle fibers
- With respect to muscle insulin sensitivity, the athlete paradox is…?
a) when endurance trained athletes have lower IMTG and are less insulin sensitive than
sedentary individuals
b) when endurance trained athletes have higher IMTG and are more insulin sensitive than
sedentary individuals
c) when endurance trained athletes have higher IMTG and are less insulin sensitive than
sedentary individuals
d) when endurance trained athletes have lower IMTG and are more insulin sensitive than
sedentary individuals
e) none of the above
b) when endurance trained athletes have higher IMTG and are more insulin sensitive than
sedentary individuals
- Based on the review article, which of the following BEST describes the primary mechanism
of action of DPP-4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes?
a) directly stimulate secretion from pancreatic beta cells
b) inhibit the enzyme DPP-4, preventing degradation of endogenous GLP-1
c) mimic the action of GLP-1 to enhance glucose-dependent insulin secretion
d) increase hepatic glucose production
e) none of the above
b) inhibit the enzyme DPP-4, preventing degradation of endogenous GLP-1
- In the review article by Nauck (2016), which of the following is a non-glycaemic benefit
associated with incretin-based therapies?
a) weight loss
b) increased insulin resistance
c) higher blood glucose levels
d) increased appetite
e) decreased hair loss
a) weight loss
- Based on the review article, how do GLP-1 receptor agonists primarily lower blood glucose
levels in type II diabetes patients?
a) enhancing glucagon secretion
b) stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion
c) inhibiting mitochondrial activity
d) increasing fat cell size
e) reducing glucose uptake by muscle
b) stimulating glucose-dependent insulin secretion
- Which of the following BEST describes the “incretin effect” discussed in the review by
Nauck (2016)?
a) oral glucose stimulates a greater insulin response than intravenously administered
glucose at similar blood glucose levels
b) intravenous glucose stimulates greater insulin secretion than oral glucose
c) GLP-1 completely replaces insulin secretion in healthy individuals
d) insulin secretion is independent of nutrient ingestion
e) glucose absorption from the intestine is prevented by incretin hormones
a) oral glucose stimulates a greater insulin response than intravenously administered
glucose at similar blood glucose levels
- Ectopic lipid accumulation in muscle could be attributed to:
a) decrease in circulating plasma fatty acid concentrations
b) increased rates of fatty acid transport into muscle
c) higher rates of fatty acid oxidation
d) decreased rates of fatty acid transport into muscle
e) only a) and b) above
b) increased rates of fatty acid transport into muscle
According to the assigned reading, after high-intensity interval training (HIIT), subsarcolemmal lipid droplet size ____________ while intermyofibrillar lipid droplet number ____________ in type 2 muscle fibers.
increased; increased
increased; decreased
decreased; increased
decreased; decreased
decreased; remained unchanged
decreased; increased
Which of the following was NOT a finding of the study by de Almeida et al.?
HIIT decreased subsarcolemmal lipid droplet size and altered lipid droplet distribution toward a healthier pattern
patients with type 2 diabetes displayed extremely large lipid droplets in the subsarcolemmal space
lipid droplets were better described as spherical rather than ellipsoidal
lipid droplet–mitochondria contact was altered in type 2 diabetes
excess intramuscular lipid storage in type 2 diabetes was largely explained by very large lipid droplets in fibers with reduced subsarcolemmal mitochondria
lipid droplets were better described as spherical rather than ellipsoidal
According to the assigned reading, which of the following statements are TRUE regarding muscle fiber types, HIIT, and type 2 diabetes??
during HIIT, only type 2 muscle fibers are recruited
patients with type 2 diabetes tend to have a greater proportion of type 2 muscle fibers
HIIT recruits multiple muscle fiber types, which may contribute to improved metabolic responses in type 2 diabetes
all of the above
only b) and c) above
only b) and c) above
According to the study by de Almeida et al., which of the following best describes the participants included in the study?
both men and women aged 18–35 years who were highly trained athletes
men aged 40–65 years with low levels of physical activity
only female patients with type 2 diabetes
individuals with type 1 diabetes and healthy controls
children and adolescents with obesity
men aged 40–65 years with low levels of physical activity
Based on the lectures, lipodystrophy in animals…
is the partial or complete loss of white adipose tissue
leads to muscle and liver insulin resistance
leads to large increases in triglyceride stores in muscle and liver
all of the above
only a) and b) above?
all of the above
Based on the review article, which of the following statement(s) about exenatide is/are TRUE?
it is a short-acting GLP-1RA
it is a long-acting GLP-1RA
it has a 50% sequence identity to native GLP-1
it has a 97% sequence identity to native GLP-1
a) and c)
a) and c)
According to the review article by Nauck (2016), why is the incretin effect reduced in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D)?
they secrete significantly less GLP-1 and GIP than healthy individuals in response to food intake
pancreatic β-cells completely stop producing insulin
β-cells show a markedly reduced response to GIP, while GLP-1 can still stimulate insulin secretion
β-cells have an equally reduced response to both GLP-1 and GIP
the incretin effect remains normal in type 2 diabetes
β-cells show a markedly reduced response to GIP, while GLP-1 can still stimulate insulin secretion
According to the review article by Nauck (2016), potential benefits of incretin-based therapies (GLP-1 receptor agonists and DPP-4 inhibitors) include:
weight reduction
improvements in β-cell function
improvements in cardiovascular risk markers
all of the above
only b) and c) above
all of the above
According to the review article, what physiological phenomenon explains why GLP-1 and GIP account for a large portion of insulin secretion after nutrient ingestion?
the incretin effect
hepatic glucose production
insulin resistance
gluconeogenesis
β-cell apoptosis
the incretin effect
According to the lecture slides, all of the following are true EXCEPT:
deep abdominal subcutaneous fat accumulation is correlated with visceral fat accumulation
moderate obesity involves hyperplasia of adipocytes in femoral subcutaneous adipose tissue
obesity involves hypertrophy of adipocytes in omental/visceral adipose tissue
deep abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue has the highest capacity for adipogenesis
hypertrophy of adipocytes with obesity causes decreased adiponectin expression
deep abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue has the highest capacity for adipogenesis
