Alcohol

Question 1

Patterns of alcohol use

Answer 1

• Quantity of alcohol use
• Frequency of alcohol use
• Characteristics of the user (gender, age, genetics, personality)
• Location of use (at home, pub, in a restaurant)
• Company of the user
• Type of alcohol being used
• Motivation of drinking alcohol

Question 2

Positive consequences of alcohol use

Answer 2

• Prevention of coronary heart disease
• Prevention of diabetes
• Prevention of osteoporosis after menopause

Question 3

Negative consequences of alcohol use

Answer 3

ACUTE

• impulsitivity
• Aggression
• hostility
• accidents
• fights

CHRONIC

• cardiovascular problems
• liver diseases
• neurological impariements
• birth defects

Question 4

Types of alcohol related probems

Answer 4

• Alcohol dependence
• alcohol intoxication
• delirium tremens
• pathological drunkenness
• alcoholic psychosis
• alcoholic psychosyndrome
• binge drinking

Question 5

DSM-V criteria: alcohol use disorder

Answer 5

Withdrawal, loss of control, tolerance, craving, negative effects.

• Withdrawal symptoms
• use in larger amounts of for longer periods than intended
• need for larger amounts to achieve the same effect
• persistent desire or unsuccessful effort to cut down on alcohol use
• time is spent obtaining alcohol or recovering from effects
• Use is continued despite knowledge of alcohol-related harm (physical or psychological).

Question 6

AUDIT: alcohol use disorder identification test

Answer 6

zone 1 - alcohol education - 0-7 schore

zone 2 - simple advice - 8-15 score

zone 3 - simple advice + brief counseling - 16-19 score

zone 4 - referral to specialist for diagnostic evaluation and treatment - 20-40 score

Question 7

Alcohol intoxication

Answer 7

0. 3-0.4% blood alcohol concentration
   - depression of the CNS
   - lapses in and out for consciousness
   - impaired sensations
   - comatose sleep
   - high pulse
1. 4-0.5% blood alcohol concentration
   - respiratory problems
   - coma
   - possibility of death

Question 8

Delirium tremens

Answer 8

• Rapid onset of confusion usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol
• shaking, shivering
• nausea, vomiting
• irregular heart rate
• anxiety and depression
• high body temperature
• psychotic state (visual and tactile hallucinations)
• comatose state (life threatening state; needs immediate hospitalization and medication)
• Seizure

Question 9

Pathological drunkness

Answer 9

“allergic reaction” to alcohol

• genetic reasons
• rare phenomenon
• Small amounts can cause senseless violent behavior, usually followed by exhaustion and amnesia for the episode
• psychotic state and symptoms
• Can be used in legal defense, can dispense from a criminal act

Question 10

Alcohol psychosis

Answer 10

Alcohol induced psychotic state

• onset in relation to acute withdrawal or severe intoxication
• delusions
• hallucinations
• abnormal psychomotor behavior
• negative symptoms

Question 11

Alcoholic psychosyndrome

Answer 11

• organic brain syndrome
• damaged neurons in the brain
• dementia
• deterioration of intelligence and cognitive functions
• Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

Question 12

Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome

Answer 12

Disorientation
amnesia
confabulation
ataxia

Question 13

Types of alcholoics (based on Cloning)

Answer 13

TYPE I: (environment?)

• begins after 25 years
• gradual deterioriation
• family history rare
• introversion, anxiety, guilt
• more promising outcome

TYPE II: (genetics?)

• starts in the early years
• mostly male
• family is also affected
• instable, impulsive, antisocial
• bad prognosis

Question 14

Personality related differences

Answer 14

POSITIVE REINFORCEMENTS

• extroverts
• impulsive and aggressive
• sensation seeking
• male

NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT

• introverts
• anxiety and depression
• neurotic
• female

Question 15

Motivational aspect of alcohol use

Answer 15

• expectation of a certain outcome
• function of drinking alcohol
• decision making: to drink or not to drink?
• experienced change
• -> direct effect (chemical, euphoria, tension reduction)
• -> indirect effect (social, acceptance of peers)

Question 16

Psychoanalytical approaches

Answer 16

CLASSICAL:

• regression
• oral fixation of the libido
• self-destructive tendencies
• self-harming
• self-destroying hedonists

MODERN

• self protecting and adaptive
• focuses on resources
• unsuccessful coping with intensive emotions
• self protection is maladaptive because if missing parental model

Question 17

Pain-preserving/self-medication hypothesis

Answer 17

“I am not feeling well, and I don’t know why…” = loss of control.

Trauma > pain > addiction

“im not feeling well, but now at least I know why…” = illusion of control.