1
Q
What is Brachygnathia superior/inferior?
A
Short maxilla/mandible
2
Q
What is prognathia?
A
Long maxilla/mandible
3
Q
What is cleft palate/palatoschosos?
A
- Inadequate growth of palatine shelves
- Midline defect of hard and/or soft palate
- Causes aspiration pneumonia and problems with sucking
4
Q
What is Hare lip/cheiloschisis?
A
Absence of part of lip rostral to nasal septum
5
Q
What is stomatitis?
A
Inflammation of the oral cavity
6
Q
What is the most common oral malignancy in cats? Describe its features.
A
- Squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity
- Malignant epithelial tumour
- Often on the ventrolateral tongue
- Locally invasive with/without metastases
- Composed of elevated firm, white plaques or nodules that may ulcerate
- Irregular masses and cords of squamous epithelium invading the lamina propria
- Forms circular “pearls” of keratin
7
Q
What is the most common oral malignancy in dogs? Describe its features.
A
- Tumours of pigment-producing melanocytes
- Nearly always malignant in the oral cavity
- Grow rapidly
- Oval or spindle-shaped melanocytes with variable melanin content
8
Q
What are Epulis periodontal tumours?
A
- Group of benign neoplasms of periodontal origin affecting gingivae, particularly in brachycephalic breeds
- Firm lesions on gums surrounding teeth, especially carnassia/canine region
- Dense collagenous and sometimes ossified tissue covered with stratified squamous epithelium which descends into stroma in cords
9
Q
What is oesophageal achalasia?
A
Failure of cardiac sphincter to open.
10
Q
How may megaoesophagus be aquired?
A
- Neurological
- From equine grass sickness, for example
- Muscular
- From myodegeneration
11
Q
What is ruminal tympany? Describe the different types of this disorder.
A
- Ruminal bloat: rumen becomes distended with gas or fermenting feed
- Primary
- Frothy bloat- formation of stable foam in rumen from ingestion of high protein lucerne/clover or high concentrate/low roughage dies
- Secondary
- Mechanical/functional obstruction of oesophagus leading to accumulation of gas
12
Q
Describe traumatic reticulitis.
A
- Ingested sharp objects will fall to the floor of the reticulum and be forced into the body wall via contractions
- Causes mild suppurative or granulomatous reticulitis with/without mild peritonitis
- Foreign body penetrates cranial wall, encouraged by rumen contractions
- Results in acute peritonitis which progresses though the diaphragm and forms local fibrous adhesions
- Can cause fibropurulent pleuricy, pneumonia, and pericarditis
- Inflammatory processes around reticulum may also lead to “vagus indigestion” and ruminal stasis
13
Q
What is a cause of papillomatosis in the bovine rumen?
A
Bovine papillomavirus type 4
14
Q
What is a cause of squamous cell carcinoma of the rumen?
A
Develops from papillomas in cattle in association with ingested carcinogens in bracken fern
15
Q
What is the most common presentation of abomasal displacement?
A
Left displacement
16
Q
What is evidence that a gastric rupture occured antemortem rather than as an agonal change when observed at post-mortem?
A
Evidence of haemorrhage and peritonitis
17
Q
What is the most common gastric neoplasm in small animals? What is a characteristic of this neoplasm?
A
- Adenocarcinoma
- Locally aggressive and spreads via lymphatic vessels
18
Q
What is the most common gastric neoplasm of horses?
A
Squamous cell carcinoma
19
Q
What is the target of gastrointestinal stomal tumours?
A
Interstitial cells of Cajal
20
Q
What is exudative diarrhoea? Describe this conditon.
A
- Caused by loss of the integrity of the mucosa causing exudate
- Inflammatory products present
- increased vascular permeability
- Erosion and ulceration present
- Increased mucosal permeability with interstitial fluid moving into the lumen with increased hydrostatic pressure
- Can be accompanied by decreased oncotic pressure with hypoalbuminaemia and protein lost in exudate
21
Q
What is lymphangiectasia?
A
- Loss of protein-rich lymph due to obstruction of intestinal lymphatic vessels
- Causes severe protein loss
- Often due to neoplasia
- May be an idiopathic condition
- Lacteals become dilated
22
Q
What are the most common causes of intestinal hypoxia/necrosis?
A
Strangulating lesions/intussusception
23
Q
What is typhlitis?
A
Inflammation of the caecum
24
Q
What is proctitis?
A
Inflammation of the rectum
25
Describe the sequelae of infection for parvoviral enteritis.
* Initial multiplication of virus in lymphoid tissues
* Viraemia
* Villous atrophy results from inability to replace enterocyte from crypts
* Necrosis of crypt epithelial cells leads to crypt dilation
26
What is the lamina propria mucosae? Why is is susceptible to infection?
* Thin layer of loose connective tissue, or dense irregular connective tissue, which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa
* Has a poor inflammatory response, making it susceptible to infection
27
What causes Feline Infectious Peritonitis? How can this manifest?
* Caused by Feline coronavirus
* Forms
* "Wet" (effusive) form with white miliary granulomas and fibrin on serosa plus high protein exudate in peritoneal cavity
* "Dry" (non-effusive) formCharacteristics
* White-gray granulomatous masses in wall of intestine
* mutifocal pyogranulomas on serosa and in wall
* infiltration by lymphocytes, plasma cells, macrophages, and neurophils
* necrotizing vasculitis also present
28
What is being pictured here? What causes this?
* Hepatocyte Vacuolation
* Fatty change
* Lipid accumulates in cytoplasm of injured hepatocytes and hepatocytes are unable to function normally
* Reversible but may progress to lipidosis (steatosis)
* Grossly, liver is pale yellow, friable, and greasy
* Hepatocytes distend by discrete circular lipid vacuoles which displace the nucleus to the periphery of the cell
* Massive uptake of fatty acids from blood following excessive mobilization of peripheral adipose tissue reserves
* Overloads metabolic capacity of hepatocytes and further inhibits their function
* Vacuolation of hepatocytes: large clear vacuoles which push the nucleus to one side. In each cell there is a single large, clear empty vacuole, lipid present which has been dissolved out
29
What is steroid-induced hepatopathy?
Excessive glycogen accumulation in the hepatoctyes in the presence of high levels of corticosteroids (endogenous or exogenous (iatrogenic))
30
Describe hepatic amyloidosis.
* Types
* Primary: Familial (genetic)
* Secondary: Usually follow chronic inflammation
* Grossly: Liver becomes enlarged, pale and firm but friable, with rounded borders
* Histologically
* Amyloid protein is deposited extracellularly along sinusoids in space of Disse and around portal areas
* Green birefringence can be seen under polarizing light when stained with congo red
31
Describe cirrhosis.
* Diffuse, irreversible, end-stage hepatic disease
* Destroys function
* Mostly seen in dogs
* Cause cannot always be established
* Affected animals exhibit hepatic insufficiency (hypoproteinaemia, ascites) or liver failure when severe, including icterus/jaundice (hyperbilirubinaemia), hypoproteinaemia (ascities, coagulopathy), ammonia retention (hepatic encephalopathy), secondary photosensitisation (herbivores, phylloerythrin (product as a result of consuming chlorophyl-filled plant material) not excreted due to cholestasis)
* Grossly: Liver is small, misshapen, fibrosed, irregular
* Histologically: loss of hepatocytes, collapsed parenchyma, nodular regeration, lack of central veins
* Briding fibrosis (can be surrounding regenerative nodule)
* Bile ductules will be proliferative
* There is bridging fibrosis, biliary hyperplasia, nodular regeneration, and hepatocyte destruction
32
Describe hepatic telangiectasis.
* Dilation of groups of sinusoids filled with blood
* Incidental finding in cattle and cats
* Grossly: Red and purple areas
* Cause is idiopathic
33
How does congestive heart failure manifest ine th liver?
* Causes the liver to have chronic venous congestion
* Back flow of blood through the vena cava causes congestions in the liver
* Fibrin strands in the peritoneal cavity
* Can cause liver to have "nutmeg" appearance
34
Describe ragwort (Senecia spp.) toxicity in the liver?
* Pyrroliziding alkaloids are activated in the liver which Inhibit cellular division
* Megalocytosis of hepatocytes are apparent histologically
35
