All theories

Question 1

Uses and gratification theory

Assumptions (5)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(3)
critic (3) 
Example

Answer 1

1. Audience are active
2. Use media to fulfill different needs
3. Medias compete to fulfill needs
4. Self-aware
5. Judge.

Author: Katz blumle and gurevict 
Tradition: Socio-cultural
Context: mass/media
Key concepts: 
- NEEDS (5) DPPSS diversion personal identity, personal relationship, surveillance, social - phones internet social media - mediums for different needs. 

• SOCIAL MOTIVATIONS (4)
• MOTIVATIONS (3) selectively (interest) Intentionally (need/motives) Utility (tasks)

Critic: heurictic: more framework. Utility: not explaining anything. Unconscioness. Logical consistency: media(functional) / sloppy. Audience need arise from media.

EX: friday night. Use to show “a perfect picture of yourself”

Question 2

Structuration theory

Assumptions (3)
Author
Tradition(2)
context (2)
key concepts(ca. 9)
critic (2) 
Example

Answer 2

1. Produce reproduce groups and organizations through rules and structures.
2. Rules is a medium and outcome of interactions.
3. Power structures help decision making process.

Author: Giddens
Tradition: Sociocultural, Cybernetic.
context: small group and organ
Key concepts: rules, resources. Reflexivity Discursive/practical counsciouness. Agent agency. Blueprint implicit explitit. Authoritative resource. RCRLE power. time and space
Scope: broad with use of both resource, power councioness. Parsimony: many concepts and not easily read.
Example: Own workplace.

Question 3

Media ecology:

Assumptions (3)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(5) 
critic (2)
Example

Answer 3

1. Media infuse society – little tweet can change a lot.
2. Influence how we think and act. Killing in the news, afraid of killings. interplay
3. Medium connects us to the world.

Author: Mcluhan
Tradition: sociocultural, critical context: mass/media
Key concepts: global village, ERAS: tribal, literal, print, electronic, medium is the message. Hot and cold. Laws of media(technology impact) Enhancement Obsolecence Retrival Reversal

Heuristic; entuniasme, resonate
Testability: hard to test concepts, but we can in the world how addicted and affected we are about technology and medias. If globalize use.

EX: Companies carefull with media use on facebook ect. huge effect.

Question 4

communication accommodation theory

Assumptions (4)
Author
Tradition 
context 
key concepts(7)
critic (2)
Example

Answer 4

1- Communication have similarities and dissimilarities.
2- People evaluate communication based on their perception of behavior and talk
3- People show social status and group belonging with language and behavior.
4- The degree of accommodation differs

Author: Giles.
Tradition: social-phycological
context: cultural
Key concepts: (Un-) or consciously. Divergence. Convergence. Overaccommondation – sensory dependency, intergroup.
Scope(broad with com), logical consistency(need middleroad between d and C) heurism(highly)

EX: Hilary: accent to southern

Question 5

Organizational culture theory

Assumptions (3)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(3) (11)
critic (2)
Example

Answer 5

1. Organizational social reality values
2. Symbols are important in organizational cultures.
3. Cultures varies

Authors: pakarowsky and O’donnald Thujillo.

The tradition is social-cultural and the context is organizational.

key concepts: Web. Symbols Psy Verba Behave. Performance. Ritual(everyday) Passion(stories in) social(politeness) poli(behavior control), encultur(achieve knowledge and skills)

Critic: utility: performance symbols easily related. Heuristic work situation

EX Work.

Question 6

Organizational information theory

Assumptions (3)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(4)
critic (3)
Example

Answer 6

1. a informational environment.
2. The degree of equivocality information differs.
3. The organization process the information in order to reduce this equivocality.

author is Wick,
traditions is cybernetic
context is organixational.

key concepts: DARWIN, rules for information reduction(4). Cycles. Process: ESR Enactment, selection, retention

heurictic. Logical consisten: intuition(unconscious) Utility: unravel complex

EX: law about new app at work

Question 7

Semiotic

Author
key concepts(6)
Example

Answer 7

Study of sign

Author: sausurre

Key concepts: Sign(signifier(sound image) signified(concept)) Interpretant. Signs types: Symbolic index iconic.
Denotation connotation. Anchoring relay trick effect.

Commercial: Use semiotic to achieve goals, communicate identity values. (signs are good and bad? beer with champagne)

Question 8

Face negotiation theory

Assumptions 
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts
critic 
Example

Answer 8

1. self identity important
2. conflict managed with face and culture
3. Different acts theater face.

author: ting-toomey
tradition: social-psycological
context: culture.

key concepts: face face work(TSA) self-identity. negative positive face. Fave saving/restoration (methods culture conflict DICOA)

Critic: logical consistency: minus all culture difference. Heuristic.

Question 9

Symbolic interaction theory

Assumptions (3)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(6)
critic (3)
Example

Answer 9

1. Act after the meaning they have.
2. Meaning is created in social relations
3. Process - intra find meaningful? In com, transform meaning- need shared meanings

Author: Mead and blume
Tradition: semotic phenomenological
context: intre inter.

Key concepts: mind self society – self: self fulfilling prophecy looking glass self, pygmalia effect(live up or down to peoples expectations (test high IQ)

Scope: broad framework
Testability: nominel
Utility: mostly individual

Question 10

Media Agenda setting

Assumptions (3)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(10)
critic (2)
Example framing

5 overall

Answer 10

1. media sets the agenda and can filter what it want to show.
2. media agenda affect public agenda which affect policymakers agenda.
3. public and police makers can in turn affect the media agenda

Author: Mccomb’s and shaw
Tradition: Socio-psycological
Context: mass/media

Key concepts: media gatekeeping, priming, media framing, Media vs source(power?), Media affect only if emotional or need, The attribute agenda setting, surveillance, correlation(most important?), intermedia, pack journalism

Scope: broad attribute agenda
Utility: still, even if people: active/web search

Framing: different papers put different focus. Drugs: bad for society. vs. treatment centers to help them.

Question 11

Cultural studies

Assumptions (2)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(7)
critic (3)
Example

Answer 11

media is controlled by the corporations (the elite) in the intention of making money

1. culture invades our lifes- come from and live, people affect how we think.
2. culture consist of some kind of hierarchy - hegemony.

Author: Stuart hall
Tradition: critical
Context is Mass/media

Key concepts: Hegemony - counter hegemony - Decode positions: dominant, negotiated, oppositional. False consciones - Alienation - cultural wars - media impact(invade living space, shape taste, persuade)

Utility: some extent: lower class - new theories from this
logical consistency: counter hegemony
Heuristic

EX: American dream. Vote(observe/A). black white/women rights

Question 12

Rhetoric

Assumptions (2)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(3)
critic (3)
Example

Answer 12

1. Audience centered
2. Proof – ethos pathos logos.
   Author: Aristotle
   Tradition and context: rhetoric public

Key concepts: Genres FED, syllogism, canons IASDM
Critic: Heuristic: high – test of time: the best. Logical consistency: not acknowledge feedback

EX?

Question 13

Audience

Key concepts

Answer 13

Author: Mcquils

key concepts: 4 types of audience: social/public groups + gratification set + medium + channel/content

Different views: Mass(precise message) /market(brand)/group(interplay perspectives)

Question 14

Social penetration theory

Assumptions (4)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(7)
critic (2)
Example

Answer 14

1. Non-intimate to intimate
2. Process structured with some dynamic
3. Deprenetation and dissolve
4. Self-disclosure
   Author: Altman taylor
   Tradition and context: socio-psychological and interpersonal

Key concepts: penetration process OEAS self-disclosure. Onion breath depth. Intimacy PIE. Reciprocity. Depenetration and dissolve.
Scope: narrow dont covering al relationships.
Heuristic relationship
EX: Own dating life

Question 15

Uncertainty reduction theory

Assumptions (5)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(9)
critic (3)
Example

Answer 15

1. reduce uncertainty: gives cognitive stress.
2. primary concern: To reduce uncertainty - information seeking.
3. communication: development in stages
4. When the relationship get more personal, more self-disclosure will happen
5. People’s behavior can be predicted in a lawlike fashion (guidelines)

Author: Berger and calabresa
Tradition: social-psycological
Context: intra inter.

key concepts: Information seeking. Process with 3 stages: Entry personal and exit. Reward/cost ratio. Self-disclosure. Covering law. Uncertainty Vs. concept. Reduce: passiv, active, interactive. Behavioral/cognitive

Critic: scope: bit broad
Utitlity: axiums. Uncertainty need before reward balance, need
Heuristic

EX: mulan. Target group

Question 16

Expectancy violation theory

Assumptions (3)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(9)
critic (3)
Example

Answer 16

1. expectations about interactions
2. expectations are learned from culture, friends, family media and society.
3. People predicts nonverbal messages such as distance and touch.

author: burgoon
Tradition and context: sociopsycological intra/inter - investigate relationship

Key concepts: Violation valance: meaning + positive/negative. - Arousal. - threat theshold high/low - reward valance - expectations because: relational, individual, context RIC. Proximal and Into, pers, social, publ, IPSP - Primary secondary and public

Critic: scope: broad but clear proximic
Utility: relevant all conversation
Heuristic: yes.

EX: norm expectancies online e.g. facebook
commercials test limits: intel Racist. Playstation white: dominate black.

Question 17

Cordinating management of meaning

Assumptions (3)
Author
Tradition
context 
key concepts(7)
critic (3)
Example

Answer 17

co-create meaning with rules and coordination.

1. human beings live in communication – everywhere affect act/us
2. human beings co-create social reality. - social constructionism.
3. share information: depend on both personal(own knowledge/experience) and interpersonal meaning(co-created meaning)

Author: pierce and cronen
traditions: phenomenomenal, cybernetic and social cultural.
Context: interpersonal intrapersonal.

key concepts: Social reality(past experience: shared reality). hierarchy of meanings: Cultural pattern/life scripts/relationship(potentials)/episodes/Speech act(intention)/content(raw-meaning)

loop(reflect back) / charmed loop (same stronger?)
/ Stange loop ( meaning change-therapy, alco)

RULES: constitutive(behavior interpret context vs. regular rules(guidelines -how to behave)
- agree compromise not agree
- repetitive pattern
others shoes to understand hierarchy of theirs.

Scope: broad
Parsimony: yes hierarchy of meaning
heuristic - adoption

Question 18

Lineær interactional transactional

key concepts: 6

Answer 18

One Way model
Sender, Channel with noise, receiver

Two way process
Sender - noise - field of experience - receiver - feedback (not simultaneously)

We are both sender and receiver - happen simultaneously - each have individual and shared field of experience(experiences and symbols e.g.) + noise

Field of experience: cultural background, location, travel distance for message and personal experiences

Semantic noise(slang), psysical noise(blind)Psycological(attitude) Physiological(need hungry)

ectics